NEW (2004) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 10/2/2003) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 666 MH - Acalculous Cholecystitis UI - D042101 MN - C6.130.564.263.249 MS - Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES. HN - 2004 BX - Cholecystitis, Acalculous BX - Gallbladder Inflammation, Acalculous MH - Acetobacterium UI - D045855 MN - B3.510.460.400.400.24 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Eubacteriaceae. Species are homoacetogenic, having the ability to use CARBON DIOXIDE as an electron sink, and to reduce it producing acetate as a typical fermentation product. AN - do not confuse with ACETOBACTER HN - 2004 MH - Achlya UI - D044743 MN - B2.650.50 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family Saprolegniaceae. They are pathogens of FISHES and INSECTS. AN - infection: coord IM with INFECTION (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Achromobacter UI - D042402 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.24 MN - B3.660.75.27.30 MS - A genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore forming rods. Soil and water are regarded as the natural habitat. They are sometimes isolated from a hospital environment and humans. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004, 1963-1975; use ALCALIGENES 1976-2003 MH - Achromobacter cycloclastes UI - D042422 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.24.100 MN - B3.660.75.27.30.100 MS - A species of gram negative, aerobic, denitrifying bacteria in the genus ACHROMOBACTER. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Achromobacter xylosoxidans UI - D042441 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.24.950 MN - B3.660.75.27.30.950 MS - The type species of gram negative, aerobic bacteria in the genus ACHROMOBACTER. Previously in the genus ALCALIGENES, the classification and nomenclature of this species has been frequently emended. The two subspecies, Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans and Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans are associated with infections. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Acidaminococcaceae UI - D045854 MN - B3.440.425.410.96 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria, in the order Clostridiales. HN - 2004 MH - Acidaminococcus UI - D045850 MN - B3.440.425.410.96.20 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family ACIDAMINOCOCCACEAE, isolated from the INTESTINES of PIGS and humans. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Acidianus UI - D041541 MN - B7.75.725.725.30 MS - A genus of facultatively anaerobic coccoid ARCHAEA, in the family SULFOLOBACEAE. Cells are highly irregular in shape and thermoacidophilic. Lithotrophic growth occurs aerobically via sulfur oxidation in some species. Distribution includes solfataric springs and fields, mudholes, and geothermically heated acidic marine environments. HN - 2004 MH - Acidiphilium UI - D041801 MN - B3.440.400.425.100.110 MN - B3.660.50.10.20 MS - A genus in the family ACETOBACTERACEAE consisting of chemoorganotrophic, straight rods with rounded ends. They are aerobic and acidophilic. HN - 2004; use Acetobacteraceae 2000-2003 MH - Acidithiobacillus UI - D042763 MN - B3.440.400.425.103 MN - B3.660.250.15 MS - A genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in the class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA. They are obligately acidophilic and aerobic, using reduced sulfur compounds to support autotrophic growth. HN - 2004 MH - Actinobacillus equuli UI - D044131 MN - B3.440.450.09.200 MN - B3.660.250.550.50.200 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ACTINOBACILLUS, which is pathogenic for HORSES and PIGS. AN - infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Actinobacillus seminis UI - D044133 MN - B3.440.450.09.675 MN - B3.660.250.550.50.675 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ACTINOBACILLUS, which causes EPIDIDYMITIS in SHEEP. AN - infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM) + EPIDIDYMITIS (IM) if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - Actinobacillus suis UI - D044132 MN - B3.440.450.09.700 MN - B3.660.250.550.50.700 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ACTINOBACILLUS. It is mainly a pathogen of PIGS, but also can infect HORSES. AN - infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase UI - D042964 MN - D8.811.682.675.150.100 MN - D12.776.331.99 MS - A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for medium-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE. AN - ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASES and ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE, LONG-CHAIN are also available HN - 2004; use ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain UI - D044942 MN - D8.811.682.675.150.150 MN - D12.776.331.700 MS - A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for long-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE. AN - ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE is also available HN - 2004; use LONG-CHAIN-ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE (NM) 1988-2003; for DECONOYL COA DEHYDROGENASE use LONG-CHAIN-ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE 1990-2003 BX - Long-Chain-Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase MH - Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases UI - D044944 MN - D8.811.682.675.150 MS - Enzymes that catalyze the first step in the beta-oxidation of FATTY ACIDS. AN - ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE and other specifics are also available HN - 2004; use FATTY ACID DESATURASES 1977-2003 MH - Acyl-CoA Oxidase UI - D042962 MN - D8.811.682.675.150.200 MN - D12.776.331.149 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-determining steps of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It acts on COENZYME A derivatives of fatty acids with chain lengths from 8 to 18, using FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE as a cofactor. HN - 2004; use ACYL-COA OXIDASE (NM) 1979-2003 MH - Adenosylhomocysteinase UI - D043383 MN - D8.811.277.63 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE to ADENOSINE and HOMOCYSTEINE. It may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine. HN - 2004; use ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Adolescent Development UI - D041923 MN - F1.525.49 MN - G7.760.49 MS - The continuous sequential physiological and psychological development during adolescence, approximately between the age of 13 and 18. HN - 2004 FX - Adolescent Behavior MH - Aegle UI - D045471 MN - B6.388.100.875.77 MS - A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. AN - X ref CRATEVA MARMELOS: CRATEVA see CAPPARACEAE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Aegle marmelos MH - Aeromonadaceae UI - D044044 MN - B3.440.450.19 MN - B3.660.250.17 MS - A family of gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria, ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water, and associated with GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Aeropyrum UI - D041522 MN - B7.75.200.500.50 MS - A genus of anaerobic, chemolithotropic coccoid ARCHAEA, in the family DESULFUROCOCCACEAE. They live in marine environments. HN - 2004 MH - African Continental Ancestry Group UI - D044383 MN - M1.686.508.100 MS - Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa. AN - specify geog if pertinent HN - 2004 BX - Blacks BX - Negroes MH - Alcaligenaceae UI - D042401 MN - B3.440.400.425.117 MN - B3.660.75.27 MS - A family of gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming rods or cocci. Well known genera include ACHROMOBACTER; ALCALIGENES; and BORDETELLA. HN - 2004 MH - Alcaligenes faecalis UI - D042481 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.50.200 MN - B3.660.75.27.50.200 MS - The type species of gram negative bacteria in the genus ALCALIGENES, found in soil. It is non-pathogenic, non-pigmented, and used for the production of amino acids. HN - 2004 MH - Aldehyde Oxidase UI - D042931 MN - D8.811.682.75.155 MS - An aldehyde oxidoreductase expressed predominantly in the LIVER; LUNGS; and KIDNEY. It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, and also oxidizes QUINOLINE and PYRIDINE derivatives. The enzyme utilizes molybdenum cofactor and FAD as cofactors. HN - 2004; use ALDEHYDE OXIDASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Algae, Golden-Brown UI - D044523 MN - B2.75 MS - Microscopic fresh water algae in the family Chrysophyceae. They share many features with the BROWN ALGAE but are planktonic rather than benthic. Though most are photosynthetic, they are not considered truly autotrophic since they can become facultatively heterotrophic in the absence of adequate light. In this state they can feed on BACTERIA or DIATOMS. HN - 2004 BX - Chrysophyceae BX - Chrysophyta MH - Alkane 1-Monooxygenase UI - D042926 MN - D8.811.682.580.170.500 MS - A P450 oxidoreductase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon of linear hydrocarbons such as OCTANE and FATTY ACIDS in the omega position. The enzyme may also play a role in the oxidation of a variety of structurally unrelated compounds such as XENOBIOTICS, and STEROIDS. HN - 2004; use ALKENE 1-MONOOXYGENASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A BX - Lauric Acid Hydroxylase MH - 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase UI - D043203 MN - D8.811.277.352.100.680.750.500 MS - A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. HN - 2004; use 1-ALKYL-2-ACETYLGLYCEROLPHOSPHOCHOLINE ESTERASE (NM) 1983-2003 BX - PAF Acetylhydrolase BX - Platelet-Activating Factor Hydrolase MH - 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone UI - D043582 MN - D4.808.745.558.24 MN - D6.472.334.851.687.750.99 MS - A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR. HN - 2004; for 3,20-ALLOPREGNANEDIONE use PREGNANEDIONES (NM) 1971-2003 MH - 20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase UI - D043607 MN - D8.811.682.47.436.400.74 MS - An enzymes that catalyzes the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-alpha-hydroxysteroids, such as from PROGESTERONE to 20-ALPHA-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE. HN - 2004; use 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES (NM) 1982-2003 MH - 3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific) UI - D045002 MN - D8.811.682.47.436.350.100 MS - A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH. HN - 2004; use 3-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE (B-SPECIFIC) (NM) 1979-2003 MH - alpha-Mannosidase UI - D043323 MN - D8.811.277.450.625.500 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the processing of newly formed N-glycans and in degradation of mature GLYCOPROTEINS. There are multiple isoforms of alpha-mannosidase, each having its own specific cellular location and pH optimum. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme results in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease ALPHA-MANNOSIDOSIS. AN - /DEFIC: consider also ALPHA-MANNOSIDOSIS HN - 2004; use ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Lysosomal alpha-Mannosidase FX - alpha-Mannosidosis MH - American Native Continental Ancestry Group UI - D044467 MN - M1.686.508.150 MS - Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continents of the Americas. HN - 2004 MH - Anabolic Agents UI - D045930 MN - D27.505.696.399.472.80 MS - These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power. HN - 2004 MH - Anaerobiospirillum UI - D044064 MN - B3.440.425.410.145 MN - B3.660.250.740.50 MS - A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the family SUCCINIVIBRIONACEAE. It has been isolated from the THROAT and COLON of beagle dogs and from human FECES. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Anaplasma centrale UI - D042321 MN - B3.440.40.50.100 MN - B3.660.50.20.50.100 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing mild ANAPLASMOSIS in CATTLE. It also can infect SHEEP and GOATS. It is transmitted by TICKS. HN - 2004 MH - Anaplasma marginale UI - D042322 MN - B3.440.40.50.500 MN - B3.660.50.20.50.500 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria and causative agent of severe bovine ANAPLASMOSIS. It is the most pathogenic of the ANAPLASMA species. HN - 2004 MH - Anaplasma ovis UI - D042323 MN - B3.440.40.50.575 MN - B3.660.50.20.50.575 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria producing mild to severe ANAPLASMOSIS in SHEEP and GOATS, and mild or inapparent infections in DEER and CATTLE. HN - 2004 MH - Angiogenesis Inducing Agents UI - D043925 MN - D27.505.696.377.77.77 MS - Agents that induce or stimulate the PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS process. This is caused by a number of ANGIOGENIC PROTEINS. AN - coord with specific agents HN - 2004 BX - Angiogenesis Inducers MH - Angiogenesis Modulating Agents UI - D043924 MN - D27.505.696.377.77 MS - Agents that modulate the PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS process. This is accomplished by endogenous ANGIOGENIC PROTEINS and a variety of other chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. AN - GEN: prefer specifics; coord with specific agents HN - 2004 MH - Angiogenic Proteins UI - D042501 MN - D11.303.553.311 MN - D12.644.276.100 MN - D12.776.467.100 MS - Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under normal physiological conditions (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGICAL). Aberrant expression of angiogenic proteins during disease states such as tumorigenesis can also result in PATHOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS. HN - 2004 MH - Angiopoietin-1 UI - D042683 MN - D11.303.553.311.100.100 MN - D12.644.276.100.100.100 MN - D12.776.467.100.100.100 MS - The first to be discovered member of the angiopoietin family. It may play a role in increasing the sprouting and branching of BLOOD VESSELS. Angiopoietin-1 specifically binds to and stimulates the TIE-2 RECEPTOR. Several isoforms of angiopoietin-1 occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use ANGIOPOIETIN-1 (NM) 1997-2003 MH - Angiopoietin-2 UI - D042702 MN - D11.303.553.311.100.200 MN - D12.644.276.100.100.200 MN - D12.776.467.100.100.200 MS - An angiopoietin that is closely related to ANGIOPOIETIN-1. It binds to the TIE-2 RECEPTOR without receptor stimulation and antagonizes the effect of ANGIOPOIETIN-1. However its antagonistic effect may be limited to cell receptors that occur within the vasculature. Angiopoietin-2 may therefore play a role in down-regulation of BLOOD VESSEL branching and sprouting. HN - 2004; use ANGIOPOIETIN-2 (NM) 1997-2003 MH - Angiopoietins UI - D042682 MN - D11.303.553.311.100 MN - D12.644.276.100.100 MN - D12.776.467.100.100 MS - A family of structurally-related angiogenic proteins of approximately 70 kD in size. They have high specificity for members of the TIE RECEPTOR FAMILY. HN - 2004 MH - Angiostatic Proteins UI - D043165 MN - D11.303.553.311.200 MN - D12.644.276.100.450 MN - D12.776.467.100.450 MS - Proteins that specifically inhibit the growth of new blood vessels (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGIC). HN - 2004 MH - Angiostatins UI - D043168 MN - D8.622.610.500 MN - D11.303.553.311.200.500 MN - D12.644.276.100.450.500 MN - D12.776.124.790.223.580.500 MN - D12.776.377.715.182.580.500 MN - D12.776.467.100.450.500 MS - Circulating 38 kD proteins that are internal peptide fragments of PLASMINOGEN. The name derives from the fact that they are potent ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS. Angiostatins contain four KRINGLE DOMAINS which are associated with their potent angiostatic activity. HN - 2004; use ANGIOSTATINS (NM) 1994-2003 MH - Anti-Retroviral Agents UI - D044966 MN - D27.505.954.122.388.77 MS - Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS. HN - 2004 MH - Antibodies, Phospho-Specific UI - D045163 MN - D24.611.125.230 MS - Antibodies directed against immunogen-coupled phosphorylated PEPTIDES corresponding to amino acids surrounding the PHOSPHORYLATION site. They are used to study proteins involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways. (From Methods Mol Biol 2000; 99:177-89) AN - do not confuse with ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID HN - 2004 BX - Antibodies, Antiphosphopeptide-Specific BX - Antibodies, Phosphopeptide-Specific BX - Phospho-Specific Antibodies BX - Phosphopeptide-Specific Antibodies BX - Phosphorylation State-Specific Antibodies FX - Antibodies, Antiphospholipid MH - Aphanomyces UI - D044744 MN - B2.650.75 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family Saprolegniaceae. It causes root rot in plants and is also a pathogen of FISHES. AN - infection: coord IM with INFECTION (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Aryldialkylphosphatase UI - D043303 MN - D8.811.277.352.660.500 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2). AN - X refs PARAOXONASE-1 and PARAOXONASE-2 see SCR for organism specific terms HN - 2004; use ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE (NM) 1980 - 2003 MH - Ascophyllum UI - D044646 MN - B2.50.40 MS - A BROWN ALGAE closely related to FUCUS. It is found attached to rocks and boulders on the middle shore, primarily in the North Atlantic basin. HN - 2004 MH - Asian Continental Ancestry Group UI - D044466 MN - M1.686.508.200 MS - Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Asia. HN - 2004(1966) MH - Australasia UI - D044362 MN - Z1.678.100 MS - Australia, New Zealand and neighboring islands in the South Pacific Ocean. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed.) HN - 2004 MH - Avulavirus Infections UI - D045463 MN - C2.782.580.600.80 MS - Infections with viruses of the genus AVULAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes NEWCASTLE DISEASE and other infections of domestic fowl. HN - 2004 MH - Azospirillum lipoferum UI - D042081 MN - B3.440.400.425.708.100.510 MN - B3.660.50.760.100.510 MS - A species of gram-negative to gram-variable, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They are free-living in SOIL or found in association with PLANT ROOTS. It is the type species of the genus AZOSPIRILLUM. HN - 2004 MH - Bacteroidetes UI - D041963 MN - B3.140 MS - A phylum of bacteria comprised of three classes: Bacteroides, Flavobacteria, and Sphingobacteria. HN - 2004 BX - Cytophagales MH - BALB 3T3 Cells UI - D041702 MN - A11.251.210.700.80 MN - A11.329.228.900.80 MS - Cell lines developed from disaggregated BALB/c mouse embryos. They are extremely sensitive to CONTACT INHIBITION, and highly susceptible to transformation by SV40 VIRUS and murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE). AN - almost always NIM with no subheadings; check ANIMALS & MICE; do not routinely add FIBROBLASTS or EMBRYO HN - 2004 MH - Bartonella bacilliformis UI - D045503 MN - B3.440.90.100.80 MN - B3.660.50.30.40.80 MS - The type species of the genus BARTONELLA, a gram-negative bacteria found in humans. It is found in the mountain valleys of Peru, Ecuador, and Southwest Columbia where the sandfly (see PHLEBOTOMUS) vector is present. It causes OROYA FEVER and VERRUGA PERUANA. AN - infection: coord IM with BARTONELLA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Beijerinckiaceae UI - D042062 MN - B3.660.50.32 MS - A family of aerobic gram-negative rods that are nitrogen fixers. They are highly viscous, and appear as a semitransparent slime in giant colonies. HN - 2004 BX - Beijerinckia MH - Benzeneacetamides UI - D044482 MN - D2.65.64.294 MN - D2.455.426.559.389.48 MS - Compounds based on benzeneacetamide. HN - 2004 MH - Benzylisoquinolines UI - D044182 MN - D3.438.531.85 MS - ISOQUINOLINES with a benzyl substituent. HN - 2004 BX - Bisbenzylisoquinolines MH - beta-Fructofuranosidase UI - D043324 MN - D8.811.277.450.114 MS - A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE. HN - 2004; use BETA-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - beta-D-Fructofuranosidase MH - 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 UI - D043205 MN - D8.811.682.47.436.174.300 MS - A low-affinity 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase found in a variety of tissues, most notably in LIVER; LUNG; ADIPOSE TISSUE; vascular tissue; OVARY; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The enzyme acts reversibly and can use either NAD or NADP as cofactors. HN - 2004; use 11BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 1 (NM) 1999-2003 MH - 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 UI - D043209 MN - D8.811.682.47.436.174.600 MS - An high-affinity, NAD-dependent 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that acts undirectionally to catalyze the dehdrogenation of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. It is found predominantly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the KIDNEY; COLON; SWEAT GLANDS; and the PLACENTA. Absence of the enzyme leads to a fatal form of childhood hypertension termed, APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME. HN - 2004; for 11 BETA-HSD2 use 11 BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES (NM) 1992-2003 MH - 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases UI - D042842 MN - D8.811.682.47.436.174 MS - Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that catalyzes the reversible conversion of CORTISOL to the inactive metabolite CORTISONE. Enzymes in this class can utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactors. HN - 2004; use 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES (NM) 1978-2003 MH - beta-Mannosidase UI - D044902 MN - D8.811.277.450.625.750 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the lysosomal degradation of the N-glycosylprotein glycans. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme in humans result in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease BETA-MANNOSIDOSIS. AN - /defic: consider also BETA-MANNOSIDOSIS HN - 2004; use BETA-MANNOSIDASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - beta-D-Mannosidase FX - beta-Mannosidosis MH - beta-Mannosidosis UI - D044905 MN - C16.320.565.202.607.750 MN - C16.320.565.580.577.750 MN - C18.452.648.202.607.750 MN - C18.452.648.595.577.750 MS - An inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in the lysosomal isoform of BETA-MANNOSIDASE that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich intermediate metabolites containing 1,4-beta linkages. The human disease occurs through autosomal recessive inheritance and manifests itself with variety of symptoms that depend upon the type of gene mutation. HN - 2004 BX - Mannosidosis, beta A, Lysosomal FX - beta-Mannosidase MH - beta-Transducin Repeat-Containing Proteins UI - D044844 MN - D12.776.157.203.500 MS - A family of F-box domain proteins that contain sequences that are homologous to the beta subunit of transducin (BETA-TRANSDUCIN). They play an important role in the protein degradation pathway by becoming components of SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, which selectively act on a subset of proteins including beta-catenin and IkappaBbeta. AN - see SCR for organism specific terms HN - 2004 MH - Biflavonoids UI - D044946 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.190 MS - Dimers (homo and hetero) of FLAVONOIDS. HN - 2004 MH - Bilophila UI - D045282 MN - B3.440.425.410.200 MN - B3.660.125.87 MS - A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the family Desulfovibrionaceae. It was originally recovered from infections in patients with gangrenous and PERFORATED APPENDICITIS. It is also associated with ABSCESS; BACTEREMIA; and BILIARY TRACT sepsis. AN - infection: coord IM with DESULFOVIBRIONACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Biodiversity UI - D044822 MN - G3.230.124.49 MS - The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships. HN - 2004; use ECOSYSTEM 1996-2003 BX - Biological Diversity MH - Biopsy, Fine-Needle UI - D044963 MN - E1.370.388.100.100.500 MN - E1.450.230.100.100.500 MN - E1.450.865.100.100.500 MN - E4.74.119.500 MS - Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis. AN - usually NIM with specific organ/pathol (IM) + dis/pathol (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Aspiration Biopsy, Fine-Needle MH - Biotinidase UI - D043523 MN - D8.811.277.87.200 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the release of BIOTIN from biocytin. In human, defects in the enzyme are the cause of the organic acidemia MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY or BIOTINIDASE DEFICIENCY. HN - 2004; use BIOTINIDASE (NM) 1983 - 2003 FX - Biotinidase Deficiency FX - Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency MH - Blood Physiologic Phenomena UI - D045122 MN - G9.188.250 MS - Observable or measurable characteristics of the BLOOD. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Blood Physiologic Processes UI - D045123 MN - G9.188.261 MS - Biological actions and events that support the functions of the BLOOD. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Bonamia Plant UI - D041601 MN - B6.388.100.238.124 MS - A plant genus of the family CONVOLVULACEAE. Members contain bonaspectins (tetrahydrofuran-type sesqui-lignans). AN - do not confuse with the protozoa BONAMIA OSTREAE see HAPLOSPORIDA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Bonamia spectabilis MH - Bordetella avium UI - D042482 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.75.99 MN - B3.660.75.27.75.24 MS - A species of BORDETELLA isolated from the respiratory tracts of TURKEYS and other BIRDS. It causes a highly contagious bordetellosis. AN - infection: coord IM with BORDETELLA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Bordetella parapertussis UI - D042483 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.75.540 MN - B3.660.75.27.75.590 MS - A species of BORDETELLA with similar morphology to BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS, but growth is more rapid. It is found only in the RESPIRATORY TRACT of humans. AN - infection: coord IM with BORDETELLA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Bradyrhizobiaceae UI - D041841 MN - B3.440.400.425.200 MN - B3.660.50.35 MS - A proposed family of bacteria belonging to the alpha-2 subgroup of PROTEOBACTERIA. HN - 2004 BX - Nitrobacteraceae MH - Brucella ovis UI - D042061 MN - B3.440.400.425.215.500.625 MN - B3.660.50.70.100.625 MS - A species of the genus BRUCELLA which are pathogenic to SHEEP. AN - infection: coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Brucellaceae UI - D042021 MN - B3.440.400.425.215 MN - B3.660.50.70 MS - A family of gram-negative coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria in the order Rhizobiales. They are obligate parasites chiefly of warm-blooded VERTEBRATES. Many are pathogenic. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004, 1975-1991; use BRUCELLA 1992-2003 MH - Bryophyta UI - D044002 MN - B6.388.137 MS - A division of the plant kingdom. Bryophyta contains the subdivision, Musci, which contains the classes: Andreaeopsida, BRYOPSIDA, and SPHAGNOPSIDA. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004; for MUSCI use BRYOPSIDA 1996-2003 BX - Andreaeopsida BX - Mosses, Granite BX - Musci MH - Burkholderia cepacia complex UI - D042602 MN - B3.440.400.425.251.100.110 MN - B3.660.75.77.100.110 MS - A group of phenotypically similar but genotypically distinct species (genomovars) in the genus BURKHOLDERIA. They are found in water, soil, and the rhizosphere of crop plants. They can act as opportunistic human pathogens and as plant growth promoting and biocontrol agents. AN - infection: coord IM with BURKHOLDERIA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Burkholderia gladioli UI - D042725 MN - B3.440.400.425.251.100.355 MN - B3.660.75.77.100.355 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that acts as both a human and plant pathogen. AN - infection: coord IM with BURKHOLDERIA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Burkholderia cocovenenans MH - Burkholderia mallei UI - D042726 MN - B3.440.400.425.251.100.477 MN - B3.660.75.77.100.477 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria parasitic on HORSES and DONKEYS causing GLANDERS, which can be transmitted to humans. AN - infection = GLANDERS HN - 2004; use PSEUDOMONAS 2003 BX - Pseudomonas mallei MH - Burkholderiaceae UI - D042521 MN - B3.440.400.425.251 MN - B3.660.75.77 MS - A family of gram negative, aerobic, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacteria. HN - 2004 MH - Butyrivibrio UI - D045856 MN - B3.440.425.410.237 MN - B3.510.460.400.400.124 MS - A species of anaerobic bacteria, in the family Lachnospiraceae, found in RUMINANTS. It is considered both gram-positive and gram-negative. AN - infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase UI - D044926 MN - D8.811.682.675.150.300 MN - D12.776.331.174 MS - A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for short-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE. HN - 2004; use BUTYRYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE (NM) 1980-2003, for SHORT-CHAIN ACETYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE use ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE (NM) 1981-2003 MH - Campylobacter hyointestinal UI - D044862 MN - B3.440.180.375 MN - B3.660.150.100.297 MS - A species of CAMPYLOBACTER isolated from the INTESTINES of PIGS with proliferative ENTERITIS. It is also found in CATTLE and in HAMSTERS and can cause enteritis in humans. AN - infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Campylobacter lari UI - D044863 MN - B3.440.180.500 MN - B3.660.150.100.450 MS - A species of thermophilic CAMPYLOBACTER found in healthy seagulls and causing ENTERITIS in humans. AN - infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Campylobacter rectus UI - D044883 MN - B3.440.180.650 MN - B3.660.150.100.700 MS - A species of CAMPYLOBACTER isolated from cases of human PERIODONTITIS. It is a microaerophile, capable of respiring with OXYGEN. AN - infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Campylobacter sputorum UI - D044884 MN - B3.440.180.700 MN - B3.660.150.100.740 MS - A species of CAMPYLOBACTER comprised of three biovars based on their reaction to CATALASE and UREASE. They have been isolated from humans, CATTLE, and SHEEP. AN - infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Campylobacter upsaliensis UI - D044885 MN - B3.440.180.800 MN - B3.660.150.100.850 MS - A species of CAMPYLOBACTER isolated from DOGS; CATS; and humans. AN - infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Carboxylesterase UI - D043182 MN - D8.811.277.352.100.100 MS - Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS. HN - 2004; use CARBOXYLESTERASE (NM) 1981 - 2003 MH - Carboxypeptidase B UI - D043424 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.245.83 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.555.200 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.555.200 MS - A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3. HN - 2004; use CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B (NM) 1980-2003; for PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE B use CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B (NM) 1985-2003 MH - Carboxypeptidase C UI - D043402 MN - D8.811.277.656.300.133.62 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.245.111 MS - A carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity. It also plays a role in the LYSOSOMES by protecting BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and NEURAMINIDASE from degradation. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.12.1 and EC 3.4.21.13. HN - 2004; use CARBOXYPEPTIDASE C (NM) 1995-2003 BX - Carboxypeptidase Y BX - Cathepsin A BX - Lysosomal Protective Protein MH - Carboxypeptidase H UI - D043423 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.245.167 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.555.250 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.555.250 MN - D8.811.277.656.837.124 MS - A ZINC-containing exopeptidase primarily found in SECRETORY VESICLES of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. It catalyzes the cleavage of C-terminal ARGININE or LYSINE residues from polypeptides and is active in processing precusors of PEPTIDE HORMONES and other bioactive peptides. HN - 2004; use CARBOXYPEPTIDASE H (NM) 1982-2003 BX - Carboxypeptidase E MH - Carboxypeptidases A UI - D043422 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.245.55 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.555.350 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.555.350 MS - Carboxypeptidases that are primarily found the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM that catalyze the release of C-terminal amino acids. Carboxypeptidases A have little or no activity for hydrolysis of C-terminal ASPARTIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; ARGININE; LYSINE; or PROLINE. This enzyme requires ZINC as a cofactor and was formerly listed as EC 3.4.2.1 and EC 3.4.12.2. HN - 2004; use CARBOXYPEPTIDASES A (NM) 1980-2003, for PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE A use CARBOXYPEPTIDASE A (NM) 1981-2003; for PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE A1 use CARBOXYPEPTIDASES A 1998-2003; for PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASES A2 use CARBOXYPEPTIDASES A (NM) 1998-2003 BX - Carboxypeptidase A MH - Carcinoma, Ductal UI - D044584 MN - C4.557.470.200.25.232 MN - C4.557.470.615.132 MS - Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND. AN - coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); CARCINOMA, DUCTAL, BREAST and CARCINOMA, PANCREATIC DUCTAL are also available HN - 2004, 1963-1993; use CARCINOMA, INFILTRATING DUCT 1994-2003 MH - Cardiobacteriaceae UI - D044065 MN - B3.440.450.342 MN - B3.660.250.80 MS - A family of gram-negative, mostly aerobic bacteria, in the order Cardiobacteriales. There are three genera: CARDIOBACTERIUM; DICHELOBACTER; and Suttonella. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Cardiobacterium UI - D044066 MN - B3.440.450.342.100 MN - B3.660.250.80.100 MS - A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family CARDIOBACTERIACEAE. It is found in the nasal flora of humans and causes ENDOCARDITIS. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) + ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - Cardiovascular Physiologic Phenomena UI - D045124 MN - G9.330.553 MS - Observable or measurable characteristics of CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Cardiovascular Physiologic Processes UI - D045125 MN - G9.330.582 MS - Biological actions and events that support the functions of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Catenanes UI - D043863 MN - D2.251 MS - Complex compounds where two cyclic molecules are interlaced together as links in a chain. They have potential use in NANOTECHNOLOGY. AN - coord with specific Cat D chemical structure term if pertinent HN - 2004 FX - Rotaxanes MH - Caulobacteraceae UI - D042063 MN - B3.440.400.425.288 MN - B3.660.50.90 MS - A family of stalked bacteria that reproduces by budding. There are four genera: CAULOBACTER, Asticcacaulis, Brevundimonas, and Phenylobacterium. HN - 2004 MH - CDC2-CDC28 Kinases UI - D042846 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.67 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500 MN - D12.776.167.200.67 MS - A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to the CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE from S. CEREVISIAE and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004; for CDC2-RELATED KINASE use CDC2-CDC28 KINASES (NM) 2000-2004; for CDC2+-CDC28-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE use CDC2-CDC28 KINASES (NM) 1991-2003 BX - CDC2-Related Kinases MH - CDK9 Protein Kinase UI - D042863 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.67.750 MN - D12.776.167.200.67.750 MN - D12.776.930.955.500.500 MS - A multifunctional CDC2 kinase-related kinase that plays roles in transcriptional elongation, CELL DIFFERENTIATION and APOPTOSIS. It is a component of POSITIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION FACTOR B. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use CDK9 PROTEIN KINASE (NM) 1994-2004 BX - CDK9 Kinase BX - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 MH - Cell Line, Tumor UI - D045744 MN - A11.251.210.190 MN - A11.251.860.180 MS - A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells. AN - almost always NIM with no subheadings; check ANIMALS or HUMAN; do not routinely add neoplasm term; policy Manual 21.57, 22.26.1, 24.4.5 HN - 2004 BX - Tumor Cell Line MH - Cellulases UI - D044602 MN - D8.811.277.450.420.200 MS - A family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline CELLULOSE into soluble sugar molecules. Within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work togeth to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. They are found in structures called CELLULOSOMES. AN - CELLULASE is also available HN - 2004; for BETA-GLUCOSIDASES use BETA-GLUCOSIDASE 1992-2003; for LAMINARINASE use GLUCAN ENDO-1,3-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE 1980-2003; for EXO-CELLULASE use CELLULOSE 1,4-BETA-CELLOBIOSIDASE (NM) 1991-2003; for EXOCELLULASE use CELLULOSE 1,4-BETA-CELLOBIOSIDASE (NM) 2001-2003; for AVICELASE use CELLULOSE 1,4-BETA-CELLOBIOSIDASE (NM) 1996-2003; for AVICELASE II use CELLULOSE 1,4-BETA-CELLOBIOSIDASE (NM) 1997-2003 BX - Laminarinase MH - Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase UI - D043366 MN - D8.811.277.450.420.200.400 MS - An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE and cellotetraose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-D-glucosides with release of CELLOBIOSE. HN - 2004; use CELLULOSE 1,4-BETA-CELLOBIOSIDASE (NM) 1974-2003; for EXOGLUCANASE II use GLUCAN 1,3-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE (NM) 1992-2003 BX - Exo-Cellobiohydrolase MH - Cellulosomes UI - D044603 MN - A11.284.180.120 MS - Extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. They contain CELLULASES and play an important role in the digestion of CELLULOSE. HN - 2004 MH - Cervicoplasty UI - D044964 MN - E4.680.152 MS - Reconstructive surgical procedures in the NECK region to restore or improve form and function. AN - NECK only HN - 2004 MH - Chara UI - D044784 MN - B2.150.150 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family CHARACEAE. They have a strong garlic-like odor and are an important food source for waterfowl. HN - 2004 MH - Characeae UI - D044522 MN - B2.150 MS - Slender, threadlike family of ALGAE, in the order Charales, that are closely related to PLANTS. They differ from GREEN ALGAE in that they grow upright with branches off a central stand. HN - 2004 BX - Charophytes BX - Stoneworts MH - Chlorobium UI - D041883 MN - B3.250.140 MN - B3.440.425.410.275 MS - A genus of phototrophic, obligately anaerobic bacteria in the family Chlorobiaceae. They are found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud and water environments. HN - 2004; use CHLOROBI 1997-2003 MH - Chloroflexi UI - D041862 MN - B3.275 MS - Phylum of green nonsulfur bacteria including the family Chloroflexaceae, among others. HN - 2004; for CHLOROFLEXACEAE use CHLOROBI 1997-2003 BX - Bacteria, Green Non-Sulfur BX - Chloroflexaceae BX - Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria BX - Herpetosiphon MH - Chloroflexus UI - D041861 MN - B3.275.150 MN - B3.440.210 MS - A genus of green nonsulfur bacteria in the family Chloroflexaceae. They are photosynthetic, thermophilic, filamentous gliding bacteria found in hot springs. HN - 2004 MH - Cholecystitis, Acute UI - D041881 MN - C6.130.564.263.500 MS - Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases. HN - 2004 MH - Cholecystolithiasis UI - D041761 MN - C6.130.409.178 MN - C6.130.564.332 MS - Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER. HN - 2004 MH - Choledocholithiasis UI - D042883 MN - C6.130.120.250.174 MN - C6.130.409.267 MS - Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT. HN - 2004; use COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULI 1980-2003 BX - Cholelithiasis, Common Bile Duct MH - Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase UI - D042944 MN - D8.811.682.675.200 MS - An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the the conversion of compounds that contain 5-alpha-cholestan-3-one into the cholest-4-en-3-one dervative. It plays an important role in the conversion of TESTOSTERONE into DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE and PROGESTERONE into DIHYDROPROGESTERONE. HN - 2004; use CHOLESTENONE 5 ALPHA-REDUCTASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Chondrus UI - D044723 MN - B2.100.150 MS - A genus of RED ALGAE, in the family Gigartinaceae. The species Chondrus crispus is a source of CARRAGEENAN. HN - 2004 BX - Moss, Irish FX - Carrageenan MH - Chordata UI - D043344 MN - B1.150 MS - Phylum in the domain Eukarya, comprised of animals either with fully developed backbones (VERTEBRATES), or those with notochords only during some developmental stage (CHORDATA, NONVERTEBRATE). HN - 2004, 1966-1999; use CHORDATA, NON-VERTEBRATE 2000-2003 BX - Chordates MH - Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly UI - D042002 MN - G4.335.452.95 MN - G5.192.95 MN - G5.315.95 MS - The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA. HN - 2004 BX - Chromatin Remodeling FX - Histone Code MH - Chromosomal Instability UI - D043171 MN - C23.550.210.110 MN - C23.550.362.180 MN - G13.370.180 MN - G13.920.590.175.165 MS - An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional. HN - 2004 MH - Chromosome Fragile Sites UI - D043283 MN - G14.345.189.610 MS - Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.) HN - 2004; use CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY 1982-2003 BX - Fragile Sites, Chromosome FX - Chromosome Fragility FX - DNA Repeat Expansion FX - Fragile X Syndrome MH - Chromosome Positioning UI - D045584 MN - G4.335.125.180 MS - The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE. HN - 2004 FX - Intranuclear Space MH - Chryseobacterium UI - D045247 MN - B3.140.190.120 MN - B3.440.400.425.310.120 MS - A genus of aerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE. Many of its species were formerly in the genus FLAVOBACTERIUM. AN - infection: coord IM with FLAVOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004; for FLAVOBACTERIUM MENINGOSEPTICUM use FLAVOBACTERIUM 1992-2003 BX - Chryseobacterium meningosepticum BX - Flavobacterium meningosepticum MH - Chrysobalanaceae UI - D045469 MN - B6.388.100.842.110 MS - A plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004; use ROSALES 2003-2004 MH - Citrobacter rodentium UI - D044082 MN - B3.440.450.425.200.737 MN - B3.660.250.150.100.737 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus CITROBACTER, family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. As an important pathogen of laboratory mice, it serves as a model for investigating epithelial hyperproliferation and tumor promotion. It was previously considered a strain of CITROBACTER FREUNDII. AN - infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004; use CITROBACTER FREUNDII 2001-2003 MH - Clove Oil UI - D045783 MN - D20.666.750.186 MS - An oil from from flower buds of SYZYGIUM trees which contains large amounts of EUGENOL. HN - 2004; use EUGENOL 1983-2003 BX - Oil of Cloves MH - Collagen Type XVIII UI - D043170 MN - D12.776.860.300.250.400.537 MS - A non-fibrillar collagen found in BASEMENT MEMBRANE. The C-terminal end of the alpha1 chain of collagen type XVIII contains the ENDOSTATIN peptide, which can be released by proteolytic cleavage. AN - precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM) HN - 2004; use COLLAGEN TYPE XVIII (NM) 1994-2002 MH - Colon, Ascending UI - D044682 MN - A3.556.124.526.356.333 MN - A3.556.249.249.356.333 MS - The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the TRANSVERSE COLON. It passes cephalad from the cecum to the caudal surface of the right lobe of the LIVER where it bends sharply to the left, forming the right colic flexure. HN - 2004 MH - Colon, Descending UI - D044683 MN - A3.556.124.526.356.500 MN - A3.556.249.249.356.500 MS - The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between TRANSVERSE COLON and the SIGMOID COLON. HN - 2004 MH - Colon, Transverse UI - D044684 MN - A3.556.124.526.356.834 MN - A3.556.249.249.356.834 MS - The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between ASCENDING COLON and DESCENDING COLON. It passes from the RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE across the ABDOMEN, then turns sharply at the LEFT COLIC FLEXURE into the descending colon. HN - 2004 MH - Comamonadaceae UI - D042621 MN - B3.440.400.425.292 MN - B3.660.75.102 MS - A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in the class BETA PROTEOBACTERIA, encompassing the acidovorans rRNA complex. Some species are pathogenic for PLANTS. HN - 2004 BX - Acidovorax BX - Hydrogenophaga MH - Complex Mixtures UI - D045424 MN - D20 MS - Mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as PLANT EXTRACTS; VENOMS; and MANURE. These are distinguished from DRUG COMBINATIONS which have only a few components in definite proportions. AN - GEN only HN - 2004 BX - Mixtures, Complex FX - Drug Combinations MH - Continental Population Groups UI - D044469 MN - M1.686.508 MS - Groups of individuals whose putative ancestry is from native continental populations based on similarities in physical appearance. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004(1968); use RACIAL STOCKS 1968-2003 MH - Continuous Positive Airway Pressure UI - D045422 MN - E2.880.820.790.259 MS - A technique of respiratory therapy, in either spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated patients, in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle by pressurization of the ventilatory circuit. (On-Line Medical Dictionary [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne(UK): The University Dept. of Medical Oncology: The CancerWEB Project; c1997-2003 [cited 2003 Apr 17]. Available from: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/) HN - 2004 BX - Airway Pressure Release Ventilation MH - Contraception, Barrier UI - D042121 MN - E2.197.410 MS - Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM. HN - 2004; for BARRIER METHODS use CONTRACEPTION 1988-2003; for VAGINAL BARRIER METHODS use CONTRACEPTION 1993-2003 BX - Barrier Contraception MH - Contraception, Postcoital UI - D044363 MN - E2.197.540 MS - Means of postcoital interception to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES or the morning-after pill to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION). AN - for postcoital douching use CONTRACEPTION, POSTCOITAL and VAGINAL DOUCHING HN - 2004; for FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL use CONTRACEPTIVES, POSTCOITAL 1980-2003 FX - Contraceptives, Postcoital MH - Corrinoids UI - D045728 MN - D3.383.757.840.437 MN - D3.549.909.437 MS - Cyclic TETRAPYRROLES based on the corrin skeleton. HN - 2004; use CORRINOIDS (NM) 1975-2003 MH - Corsiaceae UI - D045465 MN - B6.388.100.270 MS - A plant family of the order Liliales (or by some as Dioscoreales or Burmanniales), subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). They are perennial saprophytic plants obtaining their carbon from FUNGI. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Coxiellaceae UI - D044125 MN - B3.440.400.425.297 MN - B3.660.250.132 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Legionellales. It includes genera COXIELLA and Rickettsiella. HN - 2004 BX - Rickettsiella MH - Cross-Priming UI - D045142 MN - G4.610.260 MN - G4.610.555.545.150 MS - Class I-restricted activation of CD8-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES resulting from ANTIGEN PRESENTATION of exogenous ANTIGENS (cross-presentation). This is in contrast to normal activation of these lymphocytes (direct-priming) which results from presentation of endogenous antigens. AN - note category, an immunologic process; do not confuste with cross-modality priming (= probably ASSOCIATION LEARNING or other psychol terms) HN - 2004 BX - Cross-Presentation FX - Antigen Presentation MH - Crown Ethers UI - D043844 MN - D2.355.291.308 MS - Macrocyclic polyethers with the repeating unit of (-CH2-CH2-O)n where n is greater than 2 and some oxygens may be replaced by nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus. These compounds are useful for coordinating CATIONS. The nomenclature uses a prefix to indicate the size of the ring and a suffix for the number of heteroatoms. HN - 2004; use ETHERS, CYCLIC 1993-2003; CROWN COMPOUNDS was NM 1976-1992 BX - Crown Compounds BX - Cryptands BX - Cryptates MH - Cryptophyta UI - D044785 MN - B2.160 MS - A division (some say phylum or class) of the ALGAE, characterized by biflagellated cells and found in both freshwater and marine environments. Pigmentation varies but only one CHLOROPLAST is present. Unique structures include a nucleomorph and ejectosomes. HN - 2004 BX - Cryptomonads BX - Cryptomonas MH - Cullin Proteins UI - D044842 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.167.175 MS - A family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in C. ELEGANS. They play important roles in regulation of the CELL CYCLE and as components of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES. HN - 2004 MH - Cultured Milk Products UI - D043302 MN - J2.200.700.124 MN - J2.500.350.525.221 MS - Milk modified with controlled FERMENTATION. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KAFFIR CORN. HN - 2004; for BUTTERMILK and KEFIR use MILK 1998-2003 BX - Buttermilk BX - Kefir MH - Cyanophora UI - D044424 MN - B2.170 MS - A genus of primitive ALGAE in the family Cyanophoraceae, class Glaucocystophyceae. They contain pigmented prokaryotic endosymbionts called cyanelles, which have characteristics of both CYANOBACTERIA and CHLOROPLASTS. AN - do not confuse CYANOPHORA with the group CYANOBACTERIA HN - 2004; use ALGAE 1998-2003 MH - Cyclodecanes UI - D043822 MN - D2.455.426.392.368.242 MS - Compounds with a 10-carbon ring. HN - 2004 MH - Cytochrome b6f Complex UI - D045346 MN - D8.811.600.710.374 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.311 MN - D12.776.758.374 MS - A protein complex that includes CYTOCHROME B6 and CYTOCHROME F. It is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE and plays an important role in process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS by transfering electrons from PLASTOQUINONE to PLASTOCYANIN or CYTOCHROME C6. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX (NM) 1984-2003 MH - Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase UI - D042966 MN - D8.811.682.608.191.237 MN - D12.776.331.186 MS - A FLAVOPROTEIN oxidoreductase that occurs both as a soluble enzyme and a membrane-bound enzyme due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of a single mRNA. The soluble form is present mainly in ERYTHROCYTES and is involved in the reduction of METHEMOGLOBIN. The membrane-bound form of the enzyme is found primarily in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and outer mitochondrial membrane, where it participates in the desaturation of FATTY ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL biosynthesis and drug metabolism. A deficiency in the enzyme can result in METHEMOGLOBINEMIA. AN - /defic: consider also METHEMOGLOBINEMIA HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME B(5) REDUCTASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Cytochromes a UI - D045264 MN - D8.244.175.249 MN - D12.776.422.220.175.249 MS - A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes that have two imidazole nitrogens as axial ligands and an alpha-band absorption of 605 nm. They are found in a variety of microorganisms and in eucaryotes as a low-spin cytochrome component of MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME A GROUP 1994-2004, use CYTOCHROME A (NM) 1979-1993 BX - Cytochrome a MH - Cytochromes a1 UI - D045263 MN - D8.244.175.500 MN - D12.776.422.220.175.500 MS - A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes have a reduced alpha-band absorption of 587-592 nm. They are primarily found in microorganisms. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROMES A1 (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Cytochromes a3 UI - D045266 MN - D8.244.175.600 MN - D12.776.422.220.175.600 MS - A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes with an alpha-band absorption of 605 nm. They are found in a variety of microorganisms and in eukaryotes as a high-spin cytochrome component of MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. HN - 2004; for CYTOCHROME A3 use MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV 1981-2004 MH - Cytochromes b UI - D045303 MN - D8.244.187.249 MN - D12.776.422.220.187.249 MS - Cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. They occur as subunits in MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III. AN - do not confuse with CYTOCHROME B GROUP HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME B GROUP 1983-2003; for APOCYTOCHROME B use CYTOCHROMES B (NM) 1980-2002 BX - Cytochrome b MH - Cytochromes b6 UI - D045347 MN - D8.244.187.600 MN - D8.811.600.710.374.500 MN - D12.776.422.220.187.124 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.311.500 MN - D12.776.758.374.500 MS - Cytochromes of the b group that are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They contain two non-covalently bound HEME B groups. HN - 2004; for CYTOCHROME B6 use CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX (NM) 1984-2003; for APOPCYTOCHROME B6 use CYTOCHROMES B6 (NM) 1991-2003 MH - Cytochromes c UI - D045304 MN - D8.244.286.100 MN - D12.776.422.220.286.100 MS - Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. AN - do not confuse with CYTOCHROME C GROUP HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME C GROUP 1973-2003; for APOPCYTOCHROME C use CYTOCHROMES C (NM) 1983-2003 BX - Cytochrome c BX - Ferricytochrome c BX - Ferrocytochrome c MH - Cytochromes c' UI - D045305 MN - D8.244.286.150 MN - D12.776.422.220.286.150 MS - A widely occuring subclass of c type cytochromes which function as electron carriers in the electron transport chain in photosynthetic and denitrifying BACTERIA. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME C GROUP 1982-2003 MH - Cytochromes c2 UI - D045362 MN - D8.244.286.300 MN - D12.776.422.220.286.300 MS - Type C cytochromes that are small (12-14 kD) single-heme proteins. They function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic BACTERIA. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROMES C2 (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Cytochrome c2 MH - Cytochromes c6 UI - D045365 MN - D8.244.286.600 MN - D12.776.422.220.286.600 MS - Cytochromes of the c type that are involved in the transfer of electrons from CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX and PHOTOSYSTEM I. HN - 2004; for CYTCHROME C6 use CYTOCHROMES F (NM) 1991-2003 MH - Cytochromes f UI - D045348 MN - D8.244.726 MN - D8.811.600.710.374.750 MN - D12.776.422.220.726 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.311.750 MN - D12.776.758.374.750 MS - Cytochromes f are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They play important role in the transfer of electrons from PHOTOSYSTEM I to PHOTOSYSTEM II. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROMES F (NM) 1980-2003; for APOCYTOCHROME F use CYTOCHROMES F (NM) 1987-2003 BX - Cytochrome f MH - Cytosine Deaminase UI - D043525 MN - D8.811.277.151.486.625 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the deamination of CYTOSINE resulting in the formation of URACIL. It can also act on 5-methylcytosine to form THYMIDINE. AN - see SCR for organism specific terms HN - 2004; use CYTOSINE DEAMINASE (NM) 1983 - 2003 MH - Data Compression UI - D044962 MN - L1.470.500 MN - L1.700.568.110.308.189 MN - L1.700.568.110.800.500 MS - Information application based on a variety of coding methods to minimize the amount of data to be stored, retrieved, or transmitted. Data compression can be applied to various forms of data, such as images and signals. It is used to reduce costs and increase efficiency in the maintenance of large volumes of data. HN - 2004 FX - Image Processing, Computer-Assisted FX - Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted MH - Delftia UI - D042742 MN - B3.440.400.425.292.170 MN - B3.660.75.102.170 MS - A genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family COMAMONADACEAE. HN - 2004 MH - Dental Etching UI - D045662 MN - E6.95.585 MS - Preparation of TOOTH surfaces, and of materials bonded to teeth or DENTAL IMPLANTS, with agents and methods which roughen the surface to facilitate adhesion. Agents include phosphoric or other acids (ACID ETCHING, DENTAL) and methods include LASERS. AN - coord with agent or method HN - 2004; use ACID ETCHING, DENTAL 1977-2003 BX - Etching, Dental MH - Dental Pellicle UI - D044622 MN - A14.549.167.900.255.500 MS - A thin protein film on the surface of DENTAL ENAMEL. It is widely believed to result from the selective adsorption of precursor proteins present in SALIVA onto tooth surfaces, and to reduce microbial adherence to the TEETH. HN - 2004 BX - Enamel Pellicle BX - Salivary Pellicle FX - Salivary Proteins MH - Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer) UI - D043224 MN - D8.811.277.352.335.350.137 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site. HN - 2004; use DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (PYRIMIDINE DIMER) (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Deoxyribonuclease IV (Phage T4-Induced) UI - D043223 MN - D8.811.277.352.335.350.275 MS - An enzyme which catalzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bonds at purinic or apyrimidinic sites (AP-sites) to produce 5'-Phosphooligonucleotide end products. The enzyme prefers single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and was formerly classified as EC 3.1.4.30. HN - 2004; use DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE IV (PHAGE T4-INDUCED) (NM) 1987-2002 MH - Desulfitobacterium UI - D045858 MN - B3.900.174 MS - A genus of anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family Peptococcaceae, that reductively dechlorinates CHLOROPHENOLS. HN - 2004 MH - Desulfotomaculum UI - D045859 MN - B3.510.415.400.230 MN - B3.900.300 MS - A genus of anaerobic bacteria in the family PEPTOCOCCACEAE, widely distributed in SOIL and the RUMEN of animals. Stains gram-negative but cell well is gram-positive type. HN - 2004 MH - Desulfovibrio africanus UI - D045284 MN - B3.440.425.410.350.40 MN - B3.660.125.125.40 MN - B3.900.350.40 MS - A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, sigmoid-shaped bacteria isolated from salt and freshwater in Africa. AN - infection: coord IM with DESULFOVIBRIONACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Desulfovibrio desulfuricans UI - D045285 MN - B3.440.425.410.350.150 MN - B3.660.125.125.150 MN - B3.900.350.150 MS - The type species of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria of the genus DESULFOVIBRIO. It is found in FRESHWATER; SOIL, and in marine or brackish water. AN - infection: coord IM with DESULFOVIBRIONACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Desulfovibrio gigas UI - D045286 MN - B3.440.425.410.350.350 MN - B3.660.125.125.350 MN - B3.900.350.350 MS - A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, spiral-shaped bacteria originally isolated from a saltwater pond in France. It contains a well-characterized metabolic pathway that enables it to survive transient contacts with OXYGEN. AN - infection: coord IM with DESULFOVIBRIONACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Desulfovibrionaceae Infections UI - D045824 MN - C1.252.400.260 MS - Infections with bacteria of the family Desulfovibrionaceae. HN - 2004 BX - Bilophila Infections BX - Desulfovibrio Infections BX - Lawsonia Infections MH - Desulfurococcales UI - D041521 MN - B7.75.200 MS - An order of CRENARCHAEOTA comprised of irregular coccoid to disc-shaped, hyperthermophiles, and found in submarine hydrothermal systems and solfataric hot springs. HN - 2004 MH - Desulfuromonas UI - D045287 MN - B3.440.425.410.360 MN - B3.660.125.150 MN - B3.900.370 MS - A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria in the family Desulfuromonadaceae. It is found in anoxic marine sediments. HN - 2004 MH - Deuterium Exchange Measurement UI - D041961 MN - E5.196.344 MS - A research technique to measure solvent exposed regions of molecules that is used to provide insight about PROTEIN CONFORMATION. HN - 2004 MH - Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) UI - D042943 MN - D8.811.682.675.350 MS - An oxidoreductase involved in pyrimidine base degradation. It catalyzes the catabolism of THYMINE; URACIL and the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-FLUOROURACIL. HN - 2004; use DIHYDROURACIL DEHYDROGENASE (NADP) (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Dilleniaceae UI - D045466 MN - B6.388.100.318 MS - A plant family of the order Dilleniales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Dioncophyllaceae UI - D045603 MN - B6.388.100.321 MS - A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae class Magnoliopsida. Members contain naphthylisoquinolines which inhibit PLASMODIUM. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Diterpenes, Abietane UI - D045784 MN - D2.455.849.291.206 MN - D4.615.723.590 MS - A group of DITERPENES cyclized into 3-ring PHENANTHRENES. HN - 2004 MH - Diterpenes, Clerodane UI - D045785 MN - D2.455.849.291.228 MS - A group of DITERPENES cyclized into 2-rings with a side-chain. HN - 2004 MH - Diterpenes, Kaurane UI - D045786 MN - D2.455.849.291.239 MS - A group of DITERPENES cyclized into four rings. HN - 2004 MH - Diverticulosis, Colonic UI - D043963 MN - C6.405.469.158.587 MS - A pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of COLONIC DIVERTICULA in the COLON. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, including colon aging, motor dysfunction, increases in intraluminal pressure, and lack of dietary fibers. AN - do not confuse with DIVERTICULITIS, COLONIC HN - 2004, 1963-2000; use DIVERTICULUM, COLON 2001-2003 BX - Colonic Diverticulosis MH - Diverticulosis, Esophageal UI - D045723 MN - C6.405.117.136 MS - A pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULA in the ESOPHAGUS. HN - 2004; use DIVERTICULUM, ESOPHAGEAL 1980-2003 FX - Diverticulum, Esophageal MH - Diverticulosis, Stomach UI - D045724 MN - C6.405.748.142 MS - A pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of GASTRIC DIVERTICULA in the STOMACH. HN - 2004; use DIVERTICULUM, STOMACH 1980-2003 BX - Diverticulosis, Gastric BX - Stomach Diverticulosis MH - DNA Glycosylases UI - D045647 MN - D8.811.74.249 MN - D8.811.277.450.737.99 MS - A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA. HN - 2004; use DNA GLYCOSIDASES (NM) 1980-2003 BX - DNA N-glycosidase MH - DNA Packaging UI - D042003 MN - G4.335.452 MN - G5.192 MS - The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE. HN - 2004 MH - DNA Repair Enzymes UI - D045643 MN - D8.811.74 MS - Enzymes that are involved in the reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule, which contained damaged regions. AN - GEN; prefer specifics; coord with specific enzyme not treed here HN - 2004; use DNA LIGASES 1978-2003 FX - DNA Damage FX - DNA Repair MH - DNA Repeat Expansion UI - D042622 MN - G5.600.220 MN - G6.184.603.80.708.800.140 MN - G13.920.590.220 MN - G14.80.708.800.74 MN - G14.345.189.220 MN - G14.345.850.140 MS - An increase number of repeats of a genomic, tandemly repeated DNA sequence from one generation to the next. HN - 2004 FX - Chromosome Fragile Sites FX - Chromosome Fragility MH - DNA Replication Timing UI - D042522 MN - G5.200.760 MS - The temporal order in which the DNA of the GENOME is replicated. HN - 2004 FX - S Phase MH - DNA Sequence, Unstable UI - D043243 MN - G14.345.189 MS - A region of DNA that is highly polymorphic and is prone to strand breaks, rearrangements or other MUTATIONS because of the nature of its sequence. These regions often harbor palindromic, or repetitive sequences (REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID). Variability in stability of the DNA sequence is seen at CHROMOSOME FRAGILE SITES. HN - 2004 (1998); use TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION 1998-2003 BX - Unstable DNA Sequence FX - Chromosome Fragility FX - Genomic Instability MH - DNA, A-Form UI - D044704 MN - D13.444.308.142 MS - An isoform of DNA that occurs in an environment rich in SODIUM and POTASSIUM ions. It is a right-handed helix with 11 base pairs per turn, a pitch of 0.256 nm per base pair and a helical diameter of 2.3 nm. HN - 2004; use DNA 1986-2003 FX - DNA, C-Form FX - DNA, Z-Form FX - Nucleic Acid Conformation MH - DNA, C-Form UI - D044705 MN - D13.444.308.227 MS - An isoform of DNA that occurs under experimental conditions. It is a right-handed helix that is less compact than the B-form of DNA (DNA, B-FORM). HN - 2004 FX - DNA, A-Form FX - DNA, Complementary FX - DNA, Z-Form FX - Nucleic Acid Conformation MH - DNA, Catenated UI - D043864 MN - D2.251.500 MN - D13.444.308.283.84 MS - CIRCULAR DNA that is interlaced together as links in a chain. It is used as an assay for the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES. It is distinguished from CONCATENATED DNA in being attached loop to loop. AN - coord with specific DNA source; DNA, CONCATENATED is also available HN - 2004 BX - Catenanes, DNA BX - Catenated DNA FX - DNA, Concatenated FX - DNA, Kinetoplast MH - DNA, Concatenated UI - D044708 MN - D13.444.308.291 MS - Head to tail array of covalently joined DNA sequences generated by concatenation. It is distinguished from CATENATED DNA in being attached end to end. AN - coord with specific DNA source; DNA, CATENATED is also available HN - 2004 FX - DNA, Catenated FX - Tandem Repeat Sequences MH - DNA, Cruciform UI - D045566 MN - D13.444.308.295 MS - A cross-shaped DNA structure that can be observed under the electron microscope. It is formed by the incomplete exchange of strands between two double-stranded helices. HN - 2004; FX - Holliday Junction Resolvases MH - DNA, Z-Form UI - D043542 MN - D13.444.308.574 MS - A left-handed double helix of DNA. Its name derives from its narrow zigzag structure that is the least twisted and thinnest form of DNA. Z-DNA forming regions within the GENOME may play an important role in GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. HN - 2004; use DNA 1985-2003 BX - Z-DNA FX - DNA, A-Form FX - DNA, C-Form MH - DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase UI - D043603 MN - D8.811.74.750 MN - D8.811.520.241.225 MS - A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA sites that can result from the action of DNA GLYCOSYLASES. The enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. This enzyme was previously listed under EC 3.1.25.2. HN - 2004; use DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Apurinic DNA Endonuclease BX - DNA Lyase (Apurinic or Apyrimidinic) BX - Endodeoxyribonuclease (Apurinic or Apyrimidinic) MH - DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase UI - D043382 MN - D8.811.74.249.500 MN - D8.811.277.450.737.99.500 MS - A DNA repair enzyme that is an N-glycosyl hydrolase with specificity for DNA-containing ring-opened N(7)-methylguanine residues. HN - 2004; use DNA-FORMAMIDOPYRIMIDINE GLYCOSYLASE (NM) 1981-2003 BX - Formamidopyrimidine-DNA Glycosylase FX - DNA Repair MH - Early Diagnosis UI - D042241 MN - E1.390 MS - Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME. AN - IM general only; index NIM if discussed HN - 2004 MH - Ectothiorhodospiraceae UI - D042001 MN - B3.440.425.410.405 MN - B3.660.250.145 MS - A family in the order Chromatiales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA. These are haloalkaliphilic, phototrophic bacteria that deposit elemental sulfur outside their cells. HN - 2004 MH - Elaeocarpaceae UI - D045467 MN - B6.388.100.339 MS - A plant family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins UI - D045222 MN - D8.811.600.250 MS - A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES. AN - GEN: prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Electron Transport Complex I UI - D042967 MN - D8.811.600.250.500.500 MN - D8.811.682.608.504 MN - D12.776.157.427.374.375.863 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.437 MN - D12.776.331.199.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.437 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.375.863 MS - A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3. HN - 2004; for NADH DEHYDROGENASE (UBIQUINONE) use ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX I (NM) 1992-2003; for NADH DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX 1 use NADH DEHYDROGENASE 1989-2003; for UBIQUINONE REDUCTASE use NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE) 1992-1999 BX - NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) MH - Electron Transport Complex II UI - D042963 MN - D8.811.600.250.500.750 MN - D8.811.600.250.875.249 MN - D8.811.682.675.800 MN - D8.811.682.830.249 MN - D12.776.157.427.374.375.909 MN - D12.776.331.199.750 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.375.909 MS - A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to FUMARATE and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. HN - 2004; use ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX II (NM) 1980-2003; for SUCCINATE-Q OXIDOREDUCTASE use SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE 1980-2003 BX - Succinate Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) MH - Electron-Transferring Flavoproteins UI - D044927 MN - D8.811.600.250.500 MN - D12.776.331.199 MS - Flavoproteins that serve as specific electron acceptors for a variety of DEHYDROGENASES. They participate in the transfer of electrons to a variety of redox acceptors that occur in the respiratory chain. HN - 2004; use ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS (NM) 1983-2003 FX - Electron Transport MH - Emphysematous Cholecystitis UI - D041882 MN - C6.130.564.263.500.500 MS - A variant of acute cholecystitis with inflammation of the GALLBLADDER that is characterized by the pockets of gas in the gallbladder wall. It is due to secondary infection caused by gas-forming organisms, and has a high risk of perforation. HN - 2004 BX - Cholecystitis, Emphysematous MH - Emulsifying Agents UI - D045703 MN - D27.720.877.383 MS - SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS that induce a dispersion of undissolved material throughout a liquid. HN - 2004; use EXCIPIENTS 1983-2003 MH - Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase UI - D044644 MN - D8.811.277.450.420.200.450 MS - An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3- or 1,4-linkages in beta-D-glucans. This enzyme specifically acts on sites where reducing glucose residues are substituted at the 3 position. HN - 2004 BX - Endo-1,3(4)-B-Glucanase MH - Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases UI - D043364 MN - D8.811.277.450.950.249 MS - Enzymes which catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in XYLANS. HN - 2004; use ENDO-1,4-BETA XYLANASES (NM) 1980-2003; for XYLANASE B use ENDO-1,4-BETA XYLANASES (NM) 1990-2003; for XYLANASE C use ENDO-1,4-BETA XYLANASES (NM) 1992-2003; for XYLANASE D use ENDO-1,4-BETA XYLANASES (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Endo-1,4-beta-Xylanase MH - Endocannabinoids UI - D043883 MN - D27.505.696.399.472.215 MN - D27.505.696.444.173 MS - Endogenous compounds that bind to CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. They are structurally different from the CANNABINOIDS which are primarily derived from plants. HN - 2004; use ENDOCANNABINOIDS (NM) 2002-2003 BX - Cannabinoids, Endogenous FX - Cannabinoids FX - Receptors, Cannabinoid MH - Endostatins UI - D043169 MN - D11.303.553.311.200.750 MN - D12.644.276.100.450.750 MN - D12.776.467.100.450.750 MN - D12.776.860.300.250.400.537.500 MS - Angiostatic proteins that are formed from proteolytic cleavage of COLLAGEN TYPE XVIII. HN - 2004; use ENDOSTATINS (NM) 1997-2003 MH - Endothelial Cells UI - D042783 MN - A11.428 MS - Highly specialized cells that line the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer. AN - coordinate with specific tissue type if pertinent HN - 2004 FX - Endothelium MH - Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors UI - D045462 MN - D18.918.500 MN - D27.505.954.411.918.500 MS - Paracrine substances produced by the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM with VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation (VASODILATION) activities. Several factors have been identified, including NITRIC OXIDE and PROSTACYCLIN. HN - 2004; use NITRIC OXIDE 1990-2003 BX - Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor FX - Nitric Oxide MH - Enterobacter sakazakii UI - D044083 MN - B3.440.450.425.275.700 MN - B3.660.250.150.170.700 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ENTEROBACTER, found in the environment and in foods. It has biochemical characteristics similar to ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE, but is yellow-pigmented. AN - infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Enterocolitis, Neutropenic UI - D044504 MN - C6.405.205.596.750 MN - C6.405.469.363.750 MS - A syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the ASCENDING COLON. It is observed in cancer patients with CHEMOTHERAPY-induced NEUTROPENIA or in other immunocompromised individuals (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST). HN - 2004 MH - Entomoplasmataceae UI - D045622 MN - B3.440.560.112 MS - A family of gram-negative, nonhelical, arthropod-associated bacteria in the order Entomoplasmatales. It is comprised of two genera: Entomoplasma and Mesoplasma. HN - 2004 BX - Entomoplasma BX - Mesoplasma MH - Enzymes and Coenzymes UI - D045762 MN - D8 MS - Biological catalysts and their cofactors. AN - not used for indexing; CATALOG: do not use HN - 2004 MH - Epigenesis, Genetic UI - D044127 MN - G5.315.203 MS - The genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via gradual increases in complexity of structure as opposed to a mere increase in size of preexisting structures. It includes those mechanisms causing the selective gene repression or derepression that restricts the possible fates of cells and eventually leads to their differentiated state. HN - 2004 FX - DNA Methylation FX - Gene Silencing FX - Genomic Imprinting FX - Morphogenesis MH - Eremophila Plant UI - D041621 MN - B6.388.100.756.249 MS - A plant genus of the family MYOPORACEAE. Members have been used in FOLK MEDICINE. AN - EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS see SONGBIRDS and EREMOPHILUS MUTISII see CATFISHES are also available; eremophilane compounds (NM) is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Erwinia amylovora UI - D044084 MN - B3.440.450.425.300.50 MN - B3.660.250.150.175.50 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria, in the genus ERWINIA, causing a necrotic disease of plants. HN - 2004 MH - Erythroid Cells UI - D041905 MN - A11.443 MS - The series of cells in the red blood cell lineage at various stages of differentiation. HN - 2004 MH - Estradiol Congeners UI - D045166 MN - D6.472.334.851.437 MS - Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED (USP) HN - 2004 MH - Estrogenic Steroids, Alkylated UI - D042782 MN - D6.472.334.851.437.968 MS - Estrogenic STEROIDS with aliphatic hydrocarbon chain substitution on C17 or other position. 17-alpha-ALKYLATION renders the molecule more stable, resistant to metabolic degradation, and improves oral efficacy. Examples of synthetic alkyl estrogens include ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and MESTRANOL. Substitutions at other sites generates antiestrogenic and cytotoxic properties. HN - 2004 MH - Estrogens, Esterified (USP) UI - D042724 MN - D6.472.334.851.437.994 MS - A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of esterified estrogens derived from estrogen sulfates, principally from ESTRONE sulfate. Esterified estrogen content should be 75-85% of the estrone sulfate and 6-15% of the EQUILIN sulfate. HN - 2004 BX - Esterified Estrogens (USP) MH - Euglena longa UI - D044802 MN - B2.200.210.500 MS - A species of ALGAE in the genus EUGLENA, family Euglenaceae. It is a colorless heterotrophic flagellate. HN - 2004 BX - Astasia longa MH - European Continental Ancestry Group UI - D044465 MN - M1.686.508.400 MS - Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe. AN - specify geog if relevant HN - 2004(1966) MH - Exhalation UI - D045853 MN - G9.772.770.755.700.275 MS - The act of BREATHING out. HN - 2004 MH - Exodeoxyribonuclease V UI - D043211 MN - D8.811.277.352.335.375.750 MS - An ATP-dependent exodeoxyribonuclease that cleaves in either the 5'- to 3'- or the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. It is primarily found in BACTERIA. HN - 2004; use EXODEOXYRIBONUCLEASE V (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Extracellular Fluid UI - D045604 MN - A11.284.295.260 MN - A12.207.270 MS - The fluid of the body that is outside of CELLS. It is the external enviroment for the cells. AN - do not confuse EXTRACELLULAR FLUID with BODY WATER HN - 2004; use EXTRACELLULAR SPACE 1975-2003, use BODY FLUIDS 1963-1974 BX - Interstitial Fluid MH - F-Box Motifs UI - D044782 MN - G6.184.580.709.600.40.205 MN - G6.184.603.60.40.500 MS - Protein structural motifs that play a role in protein-protein binding. The motifs are comprised of approximately 50 residues. Their name derives from the fact that they were found in cyclin F. HN - 2004 FX - F-Box Proteins MH - F-Box Proteins UI - D044783 MN - D12.776.157.203 MS - A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS. HN - 2004 FX - F-Box Motifs MH - Fatty Acid Desaturases UI - D044943 MN - D8.811.682.580.392 MS - A family of enzymes that catalyze the stereoselective, regioselective, or chemoselective syn-dehydrogenation reactions. They function by a mechanism that is linked directly to reduction of molecular OXYGEN. HN - 2004 BX - Fatty Acid Desaturating Enzymes MH - Fatty Acids, Omega-6 UI - D043371 MN - D10.251.355.343 MS - FATTY ACIDS which have the first unsaturated bond in the sixth position from the omega carbon. A typical American diet tends to contain substantially more omega-6 than OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS. HN - 2004 BX - Omega-6 Fatty Acids MH - Fibrobacter UI - D045848 MN - B3.440.425.410.410 MS - A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the family Fibrobacteraceae, isolated from the human GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Flap Endonucleases UI - D045585 MN - D8.811.277.352.355.325.350 MS - Endonucleases that remove 5' DNA sequences from a DNA structure called a DNA flap. The DNA flap structure occurs in double-stranded DNA containing a single-stranded break where the 5' portion of the downstream strand is too long and overlaps the 3' end of the upstream strand. Flap endonucleases cleave the downstream strand of the overlap flap structure precisely after the first base-paired nucleotide, creating a ligatable nick. HN - 2004; use FLAP ENDONUCLEASES (NM) 1994-2003; for FEN1 PROTEIN use EXODEOXYRIBONUCLEASE V 1997-2003; for RTH-1 NUCLEASE use EXODEOXYRIBONUCLEASE V 1996-2003 MH - Flavanones UI - D044950 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.252 MS - A group of FLAVONOIDS characterized with a 4-ketone. HN - 2004 MH - Flavobacteriaceae UI - D041965 MN - B3.140.190 MN - B3.440.400.425.310 MS - A family of bacteria in the order Sphingobacteriales, class Sphingobacteria. They are gram-negative rods, mostly saprophytic in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. AN - infection = FLAVOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS HN - 2004 MH - Flavobacteriaceae Infections UI - D045826 MN - C1.252.400.349 MS - Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE. HN - 2004 MH - Flavonolignans UI - D044947 MN - D2.455.426.559.389.140.450.388 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.268 MS - Heterodimers of FLAVONOIDS bound to LIGNANS. HN - 2004 MH - Flavonols UI - D044948 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.284 MS - A group of 3-hydroxy-4-keto-FLAVONOIDS. HN - 2004; for FLAVONOLS use FLAVONOLS (NM) 1977-2003 MH - Flexibacter UI - D045248 MN - B3.140.200.200 MN - B3.440.400.425.325.200 MS - A genus of gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the family Flexibacteraceae. In some species there is a cyclic change in cell morphology. AN - infection: coord IM with FLEXIBACTERACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Flexibacteraceae UI - D041964 MN - B3.140.200 MN - B3.440.400.425.325 MS - A family of bacteria in the order Sphingobacteriales, class Sphingobacteria. AN - infection = FLEXIBACTERACEAE INFECTIONS HN - 2004 BX - Cytophagaceae MH - Flexibacteraceae Infections UI - D045827 MN - C1.252.400.368 MS - Infections with bacteria of the family FLEXIBACTERACEAE. HN - 2004 MH - Flowmeters UI - D045268 MN - E7.230.380 MS - Devices used to measure the flow of fluids (see RHEOLOGY) or the AIR to measure RESPIRATION. AN - consider also RHEOLOGY /instrum or LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY /instrum; HN - 2004, 1974-1992; use RHEOLOGY 1993-2003, use BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY 1963-1971 MH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human UI - D043373 MN - D6.472.699.631.525.343.288.625 MN - D6.472.734.525.343.288.625 MS - A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. AN - for alpha subunit, coord with GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES, ALPHA SUBUNIT; for beta subunit, coord with FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT HN - 2004; use FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE 1987-2003; for ANTHROGON use FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE 1985-2003 MH - Forensic Ballistics UI - D044709 MN - I1.198.780.500 MS - The science of studying projectiles in motion, BALLISTICS, being applied to law. Ballistics on firearm projectiles, such as bullets, include the study of what happens inside the weapon, during the flight of the projectile, and when the projectile strikes the target, such as body tissue. HN - 2004; for BALLISTICS, WOUND see WOUNDS, GUNSHOT 1987-2003 BX - Ballistics BX - Ballistics, Wound FX - Wounds, Gunshot MH - Forensic Sciences UI - D044707 MN - I1.198.780 MS - Disciplines that apply sciences to law. Forensic sciences include a wide range of disciplines, such as TOXICOLOGY; FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY; FORENSIC MEDICINE; FORENSIC DENTISTRY; and others. HN - 2004 MH - Fucus UI - D044645 MN - B2.50.212 MS - A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Fucaceae. It is found in temperate, marine intertidal areas along rocky coasts and is a source of ALGINATES. Some species of Fucus are referred to as KELP. HN - 2004 MH - Furin UI - D045683 MN - D8.811.277.656.300.760.353 MN - D8.811.277.656.837.249 MS - A proprotein convertase with specificity for the proproteins of PROALBUMIN; COMPLEMENT 3C; and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. It has specificity for cleavage near paired ARGININE residues that are separated by two amino acids. HN - 2004; use FURIN (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Dibasic Processing Enzyme MH - Fusobacteria UI - D045182 MN - B3.370 MS - A phylum of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria with a chemoorganotrophic heterotrophic metabolism. They are resident flora of the OROPHARYNX. AN - FUSOBACTERIUM is also available; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Fusobacteriaceae Infections UI - D045825 MN - C1.252.400.388 MS - Infections with bacteria of the family Fusobacteriaceae, in the order Fusobacterales, phylum FUSOBACTERIA. HN - 2004 MH - Galanin-Like Peptide UI - D044089 MN - D12.644.400.275 MS - A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN RECEPTOR 2. HN - 2004; use GALANIN-LIKE PEPTIDE (NM) 2000-2003 BX - Galanin-Like Protein MH - Gallionellaceae UI - D043372 MN - B3.440.400.400 MN - B3.660.75.375 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Nitrosomonadales, class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA. It contains a single genus Gallionella. HN - 2004 BX - Gallionella MH - Gallstones UI - D042882 MN - C23.300.175.525 MS - Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin. AN - consider also CHOLELITHIASIS and its specifics HN - 2004; use CHOLELITHIASIS 1975-2003 BX - Biliary Calculi MH - Ganglion Cysts UI - D045888 MN - C4.182.347 MN - C17.300.550.274 MS - Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. AN - non-neoplastic; SYNOVIAL CYSTS is also available HN - 2004; use SYNOVIAL CYST 1969-2003 BX - Myxoid Cyst MH - Gastrointestinal Tract UI - D041981 MN - A3.556 MS - Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS). HN - 2004 BX - Digestive Tract MH - Genes, Transgenic, Suicide UI - D041722 MN - G14.330.825.500 MS - Genes that are used transgenically, i.e., via GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES to induce CELL DEATH. HN - 2004 BX - Genes, Suicide, Metabolic, Transgenic BX - Genes, Transgenic Apoptosis-Inducing BX - Suicide Genes, Transgenic BX - Transgenic Metabolic Suicide Genes BX - Transgenic Suicide Genes FX - Apoptosis FX - Gene Therapy MH - Genomic Instability UI - D042822 MN - C23.550.362 MN - G13.370 MN - G13.920.590.335 MS - An increased tendency of the GENOME to acquire MUTATIONS when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional. HN - 2004 FX - DNA Sequence, Unstable MH - Genomic Islands UI - D044404 MN - G6.184.603.80.708.330.330 MN - G14.80.708.330.330 MN - G14.345.425.500 MS - Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands". HN - 2004 BX - Pathogenicity Islands MH - Geobacter UI - D045302 MN - B3.440.425.410.430 MN - B3.660.125.305 MS - A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, metal-reducing bacteria in the family Geobacteraceae. They have the ability to oxidize a variety of organic compounds, including AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. HN - 2004 MH - Glomus Tympanicum UI - D043485 MN - A8.800.550.700.120.600.360 MN - A9.246.397.400 MS - A highly vascular ovoid body of chemoreceptive tissue lying adjacent to the TYMPANIC CAVITY. It is derived from NEURAL CREST tissue and is considered part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. It is the site of a rare neoplasm called a GLOMUS TYMPANICUM TUMOR. HN - 2004; use PARAGANGLIA, NONCHROMAFFIN 1994-2003 MH - Glomus Tympanicum Tumor UI - D043604 MN - C4.557.465.625.650.700.705.360 MN - C4.557.580.625.650.700.705.360 MS - A rare PARAGANGLIOMA involving the GLOMUS TYMPANICUM, a collection of chemoreceptor tissue adjacent to the TYMPANIC CAVITY. It can cause TINNITUS and conductive hearing loss (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE). AN - coord IM with EAR NEOPLASMS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase UI - D043326 MN - D8.811.277.450.420.200.500 MS - An exocellulase with specicificity for 1,3-beta-D-glucasidic linkages. It catalyzes hydrolysis of beta-D-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of 1,3-beta-D-glucans, releasing GLUCOSE. HN - 2004; use GLUCAN 1,3-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE (NM) 1979-2003 MH - Glucan 1,4-beta-Glucosidase UI - D044643 MN - D8.811.277.450.420.200.550 MS - An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages of 1,4-beta-D-glucans resulting in successive removal of GLUCOSE units. HN - 2004; use EXO-1,4-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE (NM) 1981-2003 MH - Gluconacetobacter UI - D041821 MN - B3.440.400.425.365 MN - B3.660.50.10.400 MS - A genus in the family ACETOBACTERACEAE comprised of acetate-oxidizing bacteria. HN - 2004 BX - Acetobacter liquefaciens BX - Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens MH - Gluconacetobacter xylinus UI - D041822 MN - B3.440.400.425.365.500 MN - B3.660.50.10.400.500 MS - A species of acetate-oxidizing bacteria, formerly known as Acetobacter xylinum. HN - 2004 BX - Acetobacter xylinum MH - Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase UI - D042843 MN - D8.811.682.47.150.270.500 MS - A glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone, using NAD as well as NADP as a coenzyme. HN - 2004; use GLUCOSE 1-DEHYDROGENASE (NM) 1983-2003 MH - Glucose Metabolism Disorders UI - D044882 MN - C18.452.394 MS - Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. HN - 2004 MH - Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II UI - D043425 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.245.400 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.555.500 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.555.500 MS - A metallocarboxypeptidase that is predominantly expressed as a membrane-bound enzyme. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of an unsubstituted, C-terminal glutamyl residue, typically from PTEROYLPOLYGLUTAMIC ACIDS. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.19.8. HN - 2004; use GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (NM) 1988-2003 MH - Glutamyl Aminopeptidase UI - D043384 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.100.373 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.555.600 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.555.600 MS - A ZINC-dependent membrane-bound aminopeptidase that catalyzes the N-terminal peptide cleavage of GLUTAMATE (and to a lesser extent ASPARTATE). The enzyme appears to play a role in the catabolic pathway of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. HN - 2004; use GLUTAMYL AMINPEPTIDASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Gonadal Hormones UI - D042341 MN - D6.472.334 MS - Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Gracilaria UI - D044724 MN - B2.100.325 MS - A genus of RED ALGAE in the family Gracilariaceae. It is a highly commercial SEAWEED and a source of AGAR. HN - 2004 MH - Granulocyte Precursor Cells UI - D042381 MN - A11.148.350.350 MN - A11.148.378.590.350 MN - A11.627.340.360 MN - A11.627.635.350 MN - A15.378.316.340.350 MN - A15.378.316.378.590.350 MS - The cells in the granulocytic series that give rise to mature granulocytes (NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS.) These precursor cells include myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes. HN - 2004; for PROMYELOCYTES use GRANULOCYTES 1985-2003 BX - Myeloblasts BX - Promyelocytes FX - Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute FX - Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute MH - GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits UI - D044385 MN - D8.811.277.40.330.300.200.100 MN - D12.776.157.325.332.100 MN - D12.776.543.325.100 MS - The GTPase-containing subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. When dissociated from the heterotrimeric complex these subunits interact with a variety of second messenger systems. Hydrolysis of GTP by the inherent GTPase activity of the subunit causes it to revert to its inactive (heterotrimeric) form. The GTP-Binding protein alpha subunits are grouped into families according to the type of action they have on second messenger systems. HN - 2004; use HETEROTRIMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS 2001-2003 MH - GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13 UI - D044365 MN - D8.811.277.40.330.300.200.100.100 MN - D12.776.157.325.332.100.100 MN - D12.776.543.325.100.100 MS - A ubiquitously expressed family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that signal through interactions with a variety of second messengers as GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS; and HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS. The G12-G13 part of the name is also spelled G12/G13. HN - 2004; use GTP-BINDING PROTEIN, G12-13 ALPHA SUBUNITS (NM) 1996-2003 BX - G-Protein, G12-G13 alpha Family BX - G12 Protein BX - G13 Protein MH - GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 UI - D043802 MN - D8.811.277.40.330.300.200.100.300 MN - D12.776.157.325.332.100.300 MN - D12.776.543.325.100.300 MS - A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate PHOSPHOLIPASE C dependent signaling pathways. The Gq-G11 part of the name is also spelled Gq/G11. HN - 2004; use GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNITS GQ-G11(NM) 1999-2003 BX - G alpha q Protein BX - G-Protein, Gq BX - G-Protein, Gq alpha Family BX - G-Protein, Gq-G11 alpha Family MH - GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits UI - D044387 MN - D12.776.157.325.332.520 MN - D12.776.543.325.450 MS - Heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein subunits that tightly associate with GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS. A dimer of beta and gamma subunits is formed when the GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT dissociates from the GTP-binding protein heterotrimeric complex. The beta-gamma dimer can play an important role in signal transduction by interacting with a variety of second messengers. HN - 2004; use HETEROTRIMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS 2001-2003 BX - G-Protein beta Subunit MH - GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits UI - D044388 MN - D12.776.157.325.332.730 MN - D12.776.543.325.625 MS - Heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein subunits that tightly associate with GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS. A dimer of beta and gamma subunits is formed when the GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT dissociates from the GTP-binding protein heterotrimeric complex. The beta-gamma dimer can play an important role in signal transduction by interacting with a variety of second messengers. HN - 2004; use HETEROTRIMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS 2001-2003 BX - G-Protein gamma Subunit MH - Haemophilus paragallinarum UI - D044134 MN - B3.440.450.600.450.665 MN - B3.660.250.550.290.665 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus HAEMOPHILUS, causing respiratory tract disease in CHICKENS known as infectious coryza. AN - infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Hemophilus paragallinarum MH - Haemophilus parainfluenzae UI - D044135 MN - B3.440.450.600.450.675 MN - B3.660.250.550.290.675 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus HAEMOPHILUS, ubiquitous in the human ORAL CAVITY and PHARYNX. It has low pathogenicity but is occasionally implicated in ENDOCARDITIS in humans. AN - infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Hemophilius parainfluenzae MH - Haemophilus paraphrophilus UI - D044136 MN - B3.440.450.600.450.690 MN - B3.660.250.550.290.690 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus HAEMOPHILUS, found in the normal flora of the human ORAL CAVITY and PHARYNX. It can cause SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; and BRAIN ABSCESS, among other conditions. AN - infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Hemophilus paraphrophilus MH - Haemophilus parasuis UI - D044137 MN - B3.440.450.600.450.700 MN - B3.660.250.550.290.700 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus HAEMOPHILUS found, in the normal upper respiratory tract of SWINE. AN - infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Hemophilus parasuis MH - Haemophilus somnus UI - D044138 MN - B3.440.450.600.450.750 MN - B3.660.250.550.290.750 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria (currently incertae sedis) causing multisystem disease in CATTLE. AN - infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Hemophilus somnus MH - Halomonadaceae UI - D044129 MN - B3.440.400.425.377 MN - B3.660.250.350 MS - A family of gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacteria in the order Oceanospirillales. Members of the family have been isolated from temperate and Antarctic saline lakes, solar salt facilities, saline soils, and marine environments. HN - 2004 BX - Alcanivorax BX - Chromohalobacter MH - Halothiobacillus UI - D044222 MN - B3.440.400.425.395 MN - B3.660.250.110.400 MS - A genus of gram-negative, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in the family CHROMATIACEAE. Several of its species were reclassified to this genus from THIOBACILLUS. HN - 2004 BX - Halothiobacillus neapolitanus BX - Thiobacillus neapolitanus MH - Haplosporida UI - D041602 MN - B1.500.841.342 MS - A phylum of protozoans in the alveloate clade (some authorities prefer to call it an order). They are small endoparasites of marine invertebrates. Spores are structurally complex but without polar filaments or tubes. AN - X ref BONAMIA OSTREAE: BONAMIA PLANT is also available HN - 2004 BX - Bonamia ostreae BX - Haplosporidia MH - HCT116 Cells UI - D045325 MN - A11.251.210.190.380 MN - A11.251.860.180.380 MS - Human COLORECTAL CARCINOMA cell line. AN - almost always NIM with no subheadings; check HUMAN; do not routinely add COLONIC NEOPLASMS HN - 2004 MH - Helicobacter felis UI - D044922 MN - B3.440.500.250 MN - B3.660.150.280.350 MS - A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes in the STOMACH of laboratory MICE; CATS; and DOGS. It is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild GASTRITIS in CATS. AN - infection: coord IM with HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Helicobacter hepaticus UI - D044923 MN - B3.440.500.362 MN - B3.660.150.280.410 MS - A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes the CECUM and COLON of several strains of MICE, and is associated with HEPATITIS and carcinogenesis. AN - infection: coord IM with HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Helicobacter mustelae UI - D045502 MN - B3.440.500.450 MN - B3.660.150.280.480 MS - A species of HELICOBACTER commonly associated with STOMACH DISEASES in FERRETS. AN - infection: coord IM with HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Hemiterpenes UI - D045782 MN - D2.455.849.486 MS - The five-carbon building blocks of TERPENES that derive from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate. HN - 2004 MH - Hemodynamic Phenomena UI - D045472 MN - G9.330.553.400 MS - Observable or measurable characteristics of the BLOOD CIRCULATION. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging; use specific indentations; for hemodynamics in general, use HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES HN - 2004 MH - Hendra Virus UI - D045404 MN - B4.820.455.600.650.400.400 MN - B4.909.777.455.600.650.400.400 MS - A species of HENIPAVIRUS first identified in Australia in 1994 in HORSES and transmitted to humans. The natural host appears to be fruit bats (PTEROPUS). AN - infection: coord IM with HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004; use PARAMYXOVIRINAE 1994-2003 BX - Equine Morbillivirus MH - Henipavirus UI - D045403 MN - B4.820.455.600.650.400 MN - B4.909.777.455.600.650.400 MS - A genus in the subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. It contains species that infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans. AN - infection = HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS HN - 2004 MH - Henipavirus Infections UI - D045464 MN - C2.782.580.600.400 MS - Infections with viruses of the genus HENIPAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. HN - 2004 MH - Hepatopancreas UI - D043143 MN - A13.463 MS - A primitive form of digestive gland found in marine ARTHROPODS, that contains cells similar to those found in the mammalian liver (HEPATOCYTES), and the PANCREAS. HN - 2004; use DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1998-2003 MH - Herb-Drug Interactions UI - D041743 MN - G12.361.755 MS - The effect of herbs, other PLANTS, or PLANT EXTRACTS on the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of drugs. AN - coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific drug (IM) with pertinent qualif HN - 2004 MH - Herbaspirillum UI - D042803 MN - B3.440.400.425.587.400 MN - B3.660.75.600.400 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family OXALOBACTERACEAE, comprised of vibrioid or sometimes helical cells. They are chemoorganotrophic nitrogen fixers and are found free-living in the soil or in association with the roots of members of the GRAMINEAE. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed) HN - 2004 MH - Histone Code UI - D042421 MN - G6.184.603.60.360 MN - G14.360 MS - The specific patterns of POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATION of HISTONES, i.e. histone ACETYLATION; METHYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; and ubiquitination, at specific amino acid residues, that are involved in assembly, maintenance, and modification of different chromatin structural states, such as EUCHROMATIN and HETEROCHROMATIN. HN - 2004 FX - Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly FX - Genetic Code FX - Protein Processing, Post-Translational MH - Holliday Junction Resolvases UI - D045565 MN - D8.811.277.352.335.350.400 MN - D8.811.277.352.355.325.400 MN - D8.811.739.250 MS - Enzymes that recognize CRUCIFORM DNA structures and introduce paired incisions that help to resolve the structure into two DNA helices. AN - do not confuse with TRANSPOSON RESOLVASES HN - 2004; use HOLLIDAY JUNCTION RESOLVASES (NM) 1989-2003 BX - Holliday Junction Resolvase BX - Resolvases, Holliday Junction MH - Holosporaceae UI - D042281 MN - B3.660.50.340 MS - A family of bacteria comprised of endosymbionts of PROTOZOA. HN - 2004 BX - Holospora MH - Hot Springs UI - D045482 MN - G3.230.700.275 MS - Habitat of hot water naturally heated by underlying geologic processes. Surface hot springs have been used for BALNEOLOGY. HN - 2004 MH - Human Rights Abuses UI - D045809 MN - I1.880.735.384 MS - Deliberate maltreatment of groups of humans beings including violations of generally-accepted fundamental rights as stated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948. HN - 2004 FX - Human Rights FX - Torture FX - War Crimes MH - Hydrogenophilaceae UI - D043363 MN - B3.660.75.400 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Hydrogenophilales, class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA. HN - 2004 MH - Hyphomicrobiaceae UI - D041921 MN - B3.660.50.350 MS - A family in the order Rhizobiales, class ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA comprised of many genera of budding or appendaged bacteria. HN - 2004 MH - Ileus UI - D045823 MN - C6.405.469.531.492 MS - A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced. AN - coord IM with specific precoord intestinal dis (IM); PARALYTIC ILEUS see INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION is also available HN - 2004; use INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION 1975-2003 MH - Indolequinones UI - D045563 MN - D2.806.400 MN - D3.438.473.412 MS - INDOLES which have two keto groups forming QUINONES like structures of the indole aromatic ring. AN - coord with appropriate specific chemical terms if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - Infant Formula UI - D041943 MN - J2.200.700.249 MN - J2.200.712.249 MN - J2.500.350.525.332 MN - J2.500.525.350.500 MN - J2.500.525.500.500 MS - Liquid formulations for the nutrition of INFANTS, useful for those with special needs or MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY or those whose mothers are unable to breastfeed (BREAST FEEDING). AN - coordinate with major ingredient HN - 2004 FX - Infant Food MH - Inorganic Pyrophosphatase UI - D043564 MN - D8.811.277.40.600.399 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.374 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.374 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of diphosphate (DIPHOSPHATES) into inorganic phosphate. The hydrolysis of pyrophosphate is coupled to the transport of HYDROGEN IONS across a membrane. HN - 2004; use INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Pyrophosphatase, Inorganic MH - Intestinal Polyposis UI - D044483 MN - C6.405.469.578 MS - The growth of INTESTINAL POLYPS. Growth processes include neoplastic (ADENOMA and CARCINOMA) and non-neoplastic (hyperplastic, mucosal, inflammatory, and other polyps). AN - INTESTINAL POLYPS is also available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI HN - 2004; use INTESTINAL POLYPS 1996-2003; for CRONKHITE-CANADA SYNDROME use CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME 1992-1995 BX - Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome MH - Intestinal Volvulus UI - D045822 MN - C6.405.469.531.568 MN - C23.300.970.500 MS - A twisting in the intestine (INTESTINES) that can cause INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. HN - 2004; use INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION 1975-2003 MH - Intracellular Space UI - D042541 MN - A11.284.430 MS - The area within CELLS. HN - 2004 FX - Cell Size FX - Extracellular Space FX - Intracellular Fluid MH - Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies UI - D045586 MN - A11.284.420.400 MS - Circumscribed masses of foreign or metabolically inactive materials, within the CELL NUCLEUS. Some are VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES. HN - 2004 BX - Inclusion Bodies, Intranuclear FX - Inclusion Bodies, Viral MH - Intranuclear Space UI - D042581 MN - A11.284.430.106.279.345 MS - The area within the CELL NUCLEUS. HN - 2004 FX - Chromosome Positioning MH - Irritable Bowel Syndrome UI - D043183 MN - C6.405.469.158.272.608 MS - A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION. HN - 2004; use COLONIC DISEASES, FUNCTIONAL 1979-2003 BX - Colitis, Mucous BX - Colon, Irritable MH - Jaundice, Obstructive UI - D041781 MN - C23.550.429.500.755 MN - C23.888.885.375.500 MS - JAUNDICE, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS. HN - 2004; use CHOLESTASIS 1980-2003 BX - Jaundice, Cholestatic BX - Jaundice, Mechanical FX - Cholestasis FX - Cholestasis, Extrahepatic FX - Cholestasis, Intrahepatic MH - Kaempferols UI - D044949 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.284.388 MS - A group of FLAVONOLS based on kaempferol. They are derived from naringenin and can be hydroxylated to QUERCETIN or reduced to leucopelargonidin. HN - 2004 MH - Kelp UI - D044423 MN - B2.50.425 MN - B2.750.500 MS - Large, robust forms of brown algae (PHAEOPHYCEAE) in the order Laminariales. They are a major component of the lower intertidal and sublittoral zones on rocky coasts in temperate and polar waters. Kelp, a kind of SEAWEED, usually refers to species in the genera LAMINARIA or MACROCYSTIS, but the term may also be used for species in FUCUS or Nereocystis. AN - coord with specific alga if pertinent HN - 2004; use SEAWEED 2000-2003 MH - Kluyvera UI - D044086 MN - B3.440.450.425.435 MN - B3.660.250.150.410 MS - A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. It is found in FOOD; SOIL; and SEWAGE; and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. AN - infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (Cytochrome) UI - D042844 MN - D8.811.682.47.551.500 MS - A cytochrome form of lactate dehydrogenase found in the MITOCHONDRIA. It catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to PYRUVATE with transfer of electrons to CYTOCHROME C. The enzyme utilizes FMN and PROTOHEME IX as cofactors. AN - do not confuce with L-LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE HN - 2004; use L-LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (CYTOCHROME) (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Lactic Cytochrome Reductase MH - 3T3-L1 Cells UI - D041721 MN - A11.251.210.700.775.800 MN - A11.329.228.900.775.800 MS - A continuous cell line that is a substrain of SWISS 3T3 CELLS developed though clonal isolation. The mouse fibroblast cells undergo an adipose-like conversion as they move to a confluent and contact-inhibited state. AN - check ANIMALS & MICE but do not add FIBROBLASTS nor EMBRYO HN - 2004 MH - Laccase UI - D042845 MN - D8.811.682.494 MS - A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products. HN - 2004; use LACCASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Lactase UI - D043322 MN - D8.811.277.450.410.100.500 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of LACTOSE to D-GALACTOSE and D-GLUCOSE. Defects in the enzyme cause LACTOSE INTOLERANCE. HN - 2004; use LACTASE (NM) 1990-2003 FX - Lactose Intolerance MH - Lactate Dehydrogenases UI - D045022 MN - D8.811.682.47.551 MS - Alcohol oxidoreductases with substrate specificity for LACTIC ACID. AN - L-LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE and L-LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (CYTOCHROME) are also available HN - 2004 MH - Lagenidium UI - D044726 MN - B2.650.500 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family Lagenidiaceae. One species (L. giganteum) parasitizes the larval stage of MOSQUITOES and is used in its biological control (PEST CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL); it also causes disease in freshwater FISHES. AN - infection: coord IM with INFECTION (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Laurencia UI - D044722 MN - B2.100.500 MS - A genus of RED ALGAE in the family Rhodomelaceae. Some species are a rich source of chlorine-and bromine-containing metabolites which show significant antibacterial activity. HN - 2004 MH - Legionella longbeachae UI - D044128 MN - B3.440.400.425.450.450.400 MN - B3.660.250.460.460.480 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the genus LEGIONELLA, first isolated in Long Beach, California. Infection is associated with the use of potting SOIL. AN - infection: coord IM with LEGIONELLOSIS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - LEOPARD Syndrome UI - D044542 MN - C5.660.207.525 MN - C14.240.400.695 MN - C14.280.400.695 MN - C14.280.484.716.525 MN - C16.131.77.525 MN - C16.131.240.400.685 MN - C16.131.621.207.525 MN - C17.800.621.430.530.550.525 MS - A syndrome characterized by Lentigines (LENTIGO); Electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities; Ocular HYPERTELORISM; PULMONARY STENOSIS; Abnormal genitalia; Retardation of growth; and Deafness (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL). It is caused by mutations of the PTPN11 gene which codes for non-receptor PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, type 11. The clinical features of LEOPARD syndrome overlap those of NOONAN SYNDROME, also caused by mutations in PTPN11, as well as those of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. The syndrome has also been associated with mutations in the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1). (J Med Genet 2002 Aug;39(8):571-4) HN - 2004; use NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 2002 -2003 FX - Neurofibromatosis 1 FX - Noonan Syndrome MH - Leptothrix UI - D042743 MN - B3.440.400.425.292.500 MN - B3.660.75.102.500 MS - A genus of gram-negative, sheathed, rod-shaped bacteria in the family COMAMONADACEAE. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Leptotrichia UI - D045183 MN - B3.370.437 MN - B3.440.425.410.535 MS - A genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family Fusobacteriaceae. Some species cause BACTEREMIA and some intra-amniotic infections. AN - infection: coord IM with FUSOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Leuzea UI - D043843 MN - B6.388.100.100.506 MS - A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. ECDYSONE has been found in seeds of some members. AN - X ref RHAPONTICUM: RHEUM RHAPONTICUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes UI - D045342 MN - D8.811.600.710.249 MN - D12.776.157.181 MN - D12.776.758.249 MS - Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX. HN - 2004; for ANTENNA POLYPEPTIDE, BACTERIAL use LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES (NM) 1992-2003; for CHLOROPHYLL AB-PROTEINS; CHLOROPHYL A-PROTEINS; CHLOROPHYLL AC-PROTEINS & LIGHT-HARVESTING CHLOROPHYLL PROTEIN use PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER COMPLEX PROTEINS 1991-2003; for PHYCOBILIPROTEINS use LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES (NM) 1980-2003 & PROTEINS 1978-1979 BX - Chlorophyll Binding Proteins FX - Phycobilisomes MH - Linoleic Acids, Conjugated UI - D044243 MN - D10.251.355.343.500.750 MS - A collective term for a group of around nine geometric and positional isomers of LINOLEIC ACID in which the trans/cis double bonds are conjugated, where double bonds alternate with single bonds. AN - LINOLEIC ACID is also available HN - 2004 FX - Trans Fatty Acids MH - Lipoxins UI - D044045 MN - D10.251.355.255.375 MS - Trihydroxy derivatives of eicosanoic acids. They are primarily derived from arachidonic acid, however eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives also exist. Many of them are naturally occuring mediators of immune regulation. HN - 2004 MH - Lower Gastrointestinal Tract UI - D041741 MN - A3.556.249 MS - The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the small intestine below the DUODENUM, and the LARGE INTESTINE. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Lymphangiogenesis UI - D042583 MN - G7.553.550 MS - The formation of LYMPHATIC VESSELS. HN - 2004 FX - Lymphatic Vessels MH - Lymphatic Abnormalities UI - D044148 MN - C15.604.451 MN - C16.131.482 MS - Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels. HN - 2004 MH - Lymphatic Vessels UI - D042601 MN - A15.382.520.301 MS - Tubular vessels that are involved in the transport of LYMPH and LYMPHOCYTES. AN - note X refs VENULES, LYMPHATIC: do not coord with VENULES which are restricted to blood vessels HN - 2004; for LYMPHATIC VESSELS, LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES, LYMPHATIC VENULES & VENULES, POSTCAPILLARY use LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 1997-2002 BX - Capillaries, Lymphatic BX - Lymphatic Capillaries BX - Lymphatic Venules BX - Venules, Lymphatic MH - Macrocystis UI - D044662 MN - B2.50.480 MS - A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Lessoniaceae, and one of the major forms of KELP. The species Macrocystis pyrifera, also known as giant kelp, is the largest of the marine algae. HN - 2004 BX - Kelp, Giant MH - Magnetospirillum UI - D042201 MN - B3.440.400.425.708.500 MN - B3.660.50.760.500 MS - A genus of microaerophilic, gram-negative bacteria that forms crystals of the mineral magnetite. HN - 2004 MH - Malnutrition UI - D044342 MN - C18.654.521 MS - An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement. HN - 2004; use NUTRITION DISORDERS 1975-2003 MH - Mammary Glands, Human UI - D042361 MN - A1.236.249 MN - A10.336.532 MS - Glandular tissue in the BREAST of human that is under the influence of hormones such as ESTROGENS; PROGESTINS; and PROLACTIN. In WOMEN, after PARTURITION, the mammary glands secrete milk (MILK, HUMAN) for the nourishment of the young. AN - for animals use MAMMARY GLANDS, ANIMAL HN - 2004; use BREAST 1975-2003 MH - Mannosidase Deficiency Diseases UI - D044904 MN - C16.320.565.202.607 MN - C16.320.565.580.577 MN - C18.452.648.202.607 MN - C18.452.648.595.577 MS - Diseases caused by the loss of one or more enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of mannoside linkages (MANNOSIDASES). The defects in enzyme activity are primarily associated with genetic mutation of the genes that codes for a particular mannosidase isoenzyme. HN - 2004; use MANNOSIDOSIS, ALPHA B, LYSOSOMAL 1984-2003 BX - Mannosidosis FX - Mannosidases MH - Marsileaceae UI - D043964 MN - B6.388.250.461 MS - A plant family of the order Hydropteridales, class Filicopsida, division PTERIDOPHYTA. They are aquatic ferns with quatrifoliate leaves resembling four leaf clover, creeping rhizome, and bean shaped sporocarps. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Clover, Water BX - Marsilea BX - Pepperwort BX - Waterclover MH - Matrix Attachment Regions UI - D045170 MN - G6.184.603.80.534 MN - G14.80.534 MS - Regions of the CHROMATIN or DNA that bind to the NUCLEAR MATRIX. They are found in INTERGENIC DNA, especially flanking the 5' ends of genes or clusters of genes. Many of the regions that have been isolated contain a bipartite sequence motif called the MAR/SAR recognition signature sequence that binds to MATRIX ATTACHMENT REGION BINDING PROTEINS. HN - 2004 BX - MAR/SAR Recognition Signature Sequence BX - MRS Sequence BX - Scaffold Attachment Regions MH - Megasphaera UI - D045851 MN - B3.440.425.400.500 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family ACIDAMINOCOCCACEAE, found in the RUMEN of SHEEP and CATTLE, and also in humans. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation UI - D045164 MN - E4.936.225.687.625 MS - Transfer of MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). HN - 2004 BX - Stem Cell Transplantation, Mesenchymal MH - Mesenchymal Stem Cells UI - D044982 MN - A11.872.580 MS - Cells that can develop into distinct mesenchymal tissue such as BONE; TENDONS; MUSCLES; ADIPOSE TISSUE; CARTILAGE; NERVE TISSUE; and BLOOD and BLOOD VESSELS. HN - 2004 BX - Stem Cells, Mesenchymal FX - Mesoderm MH - Metalloexopeptidases UI - D045727 MN - D8.811.277.656.350.555 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.555 MS - EXOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism. HN - 2004 MH - Metalloproteases UI - D045726 MN - D8.811.277.656.675 MS - Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004; use METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES 1988-2003 BX - Metalloproteinases MH - Methanobrevibacter UI - D041581 MN - B7.200.492.500.515 MS - A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, cocci to short rod-shaped ARCHAEA, in the family METHANOBACTERIACEAE, order METHANOBACTERIALES. They are found in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or other anoxic environments. HN - 2004 MH - Methenyltetrahydrofolate Cyclohydrolase UI - D045064 MN - D8.811.277.151.418 MS - An aminohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. In most higher eucaryotic organisms this enzyme also includes METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE (NADP) and FORMATE-TETRAHYDROFOLATE LIGASE activities. HN - 2004; use METHENYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE CYCLOHYDROLASE (NM) 1980-2003 FX - Formate-Tetrahydrofolate Ligase FX - Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP) MH - 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) UI - D042942 MN - D8.811.682.472.188 MS - A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3. HN - 2004; use 3-METHYL-2-OXBUTANOATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE) (NM) 1973-2003 BX - 2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) FX - Maple Syrup Urine Disease MH - 5-Methylcytosine UI - D044503 MN - D3.383.742.698.421.215 MS - A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base. HN - 2004; use 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) UI - D045102 MN - D8.811.682.538 MS - A NAD-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyl-tetrahdyrofolate. It has been found in a variety of microorganisms. AN - do not confuse with METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE (NADP) HN - 2004; use METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE (NADP) 1989-2003; for 5,10-METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE-REDUCTASE (NADH) use METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE (NAD+) (NM) 1999-2003; BX - 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate-Reductase (NADH) MH - 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (FADH2) UI - D045103 MN - D8.811.682.23 MS - An FAD-dependent oxidoreductase found primarily in BACTERIA. It is specific for the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.1.1.68 and 1.1.99.15. HN - 2004; use 5,10-METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FADH2) (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) UI - D042965 MN - D8.811.682.107.290 MN - D12.776.331.775 MS - A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE to 5,10-METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171. HN - 2004; use METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (NADPH2) (NM) 1986-2003 BX - Methylene-THF Reductase (NADPH) MH - Methylmalonyl-CoA Decarboxylase UI - D043586 MN - D8.811.520.224.125.387 MS - A carboxy-lyase that catalyzes the decarboxylation of (S)-2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA to propanoyl-CoA. In microorganisms the reaction can be coupled to the vectorial transport of SODIUM ions across the cytoplasmic membrane. HN - 2004; use METHYLMALONYL-COA DECARBOXYLASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase MH - Methylobacteriaceae UI - D042082 MN - B3.440.400.425.487 MN - B3.660.50.500 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Rhizobiales. Genera include METHYLOBACTERIUM, Protomonas, and Roseomonas. HN - 2004 BX - Protomonas BX - Roseomonas MH - Methylocystaceae UI - D042083 MN - B3.660.50.512 MS - A family of gram-negative methanotrophs in the order Rhizobiales, distantly related to the nitrogen-fixing and phototrophic bacteria. HN - 2004 BX - Methylocystis MH - Methylophilaceae UI - D042762 MN - B3.440.400.425.525 MN - B3.660.75.495 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Methylophilales. HN - 2004 MH - Microbubbles UI - D045423 MN - E7.553 MS - Very small encapsulated gas bubbles (diameters of micometers) that can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Upon exposure to sufficiently intense ultrasound, microbubbles will cavitate, rupture, disappear, release gas content, etc. Such characteristics of the microbubbles can be used to enhance diagnostic tests, dissolve blood clots, and deliver drugs or genes for therapy. HN - 2004 FX - Microspheres MH - Microdissection UI - D042282 MN - E1.450.865.221.580 MN - E4.221.580 MN - E5.200.750.600.520 MN - E5.595.346.560 MS - The performance of dissections with the aid of a microscope. HN - 2004 FX - Microsurgery MH - Microfluidics UI - D044085 MN - E5.830.666 MN - H1.671.799.581 MN - J1.897.520.600.500 MS - The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES. HN - 2004 MH - Milk Substitutes UI - D041941 MN - J2.200.712 MS - Food BEVERAGES that are used as nutritional substitutes for MILK. HN - 2004; use MILK 1998-2003 MH - Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome, Apparent UI - D043204 MN - C16.320.565.925.500 MN - C18.452.648.925.500 MS - A hereditary disease characterized by childhood onset HYPERTENSION, hypokalemic alkalosis, and low RENIN and ALDOSTERONE secretion. It results from a defect in the activity of the 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 2 enzyme which results in inadequate conversion of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. The build up of unprocessed cortisol to levels that stimulate MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS creates the appearance of having excessive MINERALOCORTICOIDS. HN - 2004 BX - Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome MH - Molecular Mechanisms of Action UI - D045504 MN - D27.505.519 MS - Activities at the molecular level of exogenous compounds affecting normal biochemical pathways, including the actions of PROTEINS; CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS; NEUROTRANSMITTERS; and inhibitors. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 FX - Enzymes FX - Immunologic Factors FX - Proteins MH - Monkeypox UI - D045908 MN - C2.256.743.615 MN - C22.735.750 MN - C22.795.600 MS - A viral disease infecting PRIMATES and RODENTS. Its clinical presentation in humans is similar to SMALLPOX including FEVER; HEADACHE; COUGH; and a painful RASH. It is caused by MONKEYPOX VIRUS and is usually transmitted to humans through BITES or via contact with an animal's BLOOD. Interhuman transmission is relatively low (significantly less than smallpox). AN - human & animal; if in animal, use/vet HN - 2004 MH - Moraxellaceae UI - D044007 MN - B3.440.400.425.537 MN - B3.660.250.530 MS - A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the order Pseudomonadales. Some strains are parasites of the mucosal membranes of animals and humans; others are found in association with food products or in the environment. AN - infection = MORAXELLACEAE INFECTIONS HN - 2004 MH - Moraxellaceae Infections UI - D045828 MN - C1.252.400.560 MS - Infections with bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE. HN - 2004 BX - Moraxella Infections BX - Psychobacter Infections MH - Musculoskeletal Development UI - D041641 MN - G7.553.690 MN - G11.427.792.560 MS - The morphologic and physiologic change and growth of the MUSCLES, bones (BONE AND BONES), and CARTILAGE of the body, i.e., MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, during the prenatal and postnatal stages of development. AN - GEN: prefer specifics HN - 2004 FX - Musculoskeletal System MH - Musculoskeletal Physiologic Phenomena UI - D043703 MN - G11.427.713 MS - Observable or measurable characteristics of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 BX - Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena MH - Musculoskeletal Physiologic Processes UI - D043702 MN - G11.427.792 MS - Biological actions and events that support the functions of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 BX - Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes MH - Mycoplasma agalactiae UI - D045644 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.50 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing contagious agalactia of SHEEP and GOATS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma arthritidis UI - D045645 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.75 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing purulent POLYARTHRITIS in RATS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) + probably ARTHRITIS, INFECTIOUS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma bovigenitalium UI - D045646 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.195 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to CATTLE. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma bovis UI - D045682 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.200 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing MASTITIS; ARTHRITIS; and RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES in CATTLE. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma capricolum UI - D045623 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.210 MS - A genus in the family ENTOMOPLASMATACEAE, order Entomoplasmatales. It is pathogenic to GOATS, causing caprine pleuropneumonia (PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CONTAGIOUS). AN - infection: coord IM with PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CONTAGIOUS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma conjunctivae UI - D045684 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.220 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing CONJUNCTIVITIS and KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS in SHEEP and GOATS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) + probably CONJUNCTIVITIS, BACTERIAL (IM) or KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, INFECTIOUS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma dispar UI - D045685 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.267 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA in calves. Mycoplasma dispar also possibly plays a synergistic role with other BACTERIA and VIRUSES to cause other RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES in calves. AN - infection: coord IM with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA /vet (IM) + CATTLE DISEASES (IM) or MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS /vet (IM) + CATTLE DISEASES (IM) + RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS/vet (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma gallisepticum UI - D045686 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.345 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing chronic respiratory disease in POULTRY. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma genitalium UI - D045704 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.355 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria originally isolated from urethral specimens of patients with non-gonoccocal URETHRITIS. In primates it exists in parasitic association with ciliated EPITHELIAL CELLS in the genital and respiratory tracts. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae UI - D045705 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.420 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria that causes MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA OF SWINE. The organism damages the CILIA in the airways of the pig, and thus compromises one of the most effective mechanical barriers against invading pathogens. The resulting weakening of the IMMUNE SYSTEM can encourage secondary infections, leading to porcine respiratory disease complex. AN - infection = PNEUMONIA OF SWINE, MYCOPLASMAL; do not confuse with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma hyorhinis UI - D045790 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.425 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria and a common inhabitant of the NASAL CAVITY of both healthy and diseased PIGS. It is a common secondary invader in MYCOPLASMAL PNEUMONIA OF SWINE. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma hyosynoviae UI - D045791 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.430 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria isolated from the SYNOVIAL FLUID; LYMPH NODES; and MUCOUS MEMBRANE secretions in diseased SWINE. It causes nonsuppurative ARTHRITIS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) + probably ARTHRITIS, INFECTIOUS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma iowae UI - D045793 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.450 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria causing lesions to AIR SACS and HOCK joints in TURKEYS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma meleagridis UI - D045794 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.570 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria producing air sacculitis and skeletal abnormalities in TURKEYS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma orale UI - D045795 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.630 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria that is a common inhabitant of the human OROPHARYNX and also CELL CULTURE contaminant. It is usually non-pathogenic but it can cause infections in leukemic or immunosuppressed patients. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae UI - D045802 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.635 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria originally isolated from the LUNGS; TRACHEA; and NASAL CAVITY of SHEEP. It causes chronic interstitial pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA) in both SHEEP and GOATS. AN - infection: coord IM with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA/vet (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma pulmonis UI - D045803 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.670 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria highly pathogenic to RATS and MICE. It is the primary cause of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma salivarium UI - D045804 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.720 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria strongly implicated in oral infection, PERIODONTAL DISEASES, eye and ear disorders, and SEPTIC ARTHRITIS. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Mycoplasma synoviae UI - D045805 MN - B3.440.560.580.553.553.770 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to CHICKENS; TURKEYS, and guinea fowls. It causes disease in a wide variety of organs and tissues including JOINTS, tendon sheaths and the RESPIRATORY TRACT. AN - infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase UI - D043263 MN - D8.811.277.352.650.625.475 MS - A phosphoprotein phosphatase that is specific for MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. It is composed of three subunits, which include a catalytic subunit, a myosin binding subunit, and a third subunit of unknown function. HN - 2004; use MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Nanotubes UI - D043942 MN - J1.637.524 MS - Nanometer-sized tubes composed of various substances including carbon (CARBON NANOTUBES), boron nitride, or nickel vanadate. HN - 2004 FX - Nanotechnology MH - Nanotubes, Peptide UI - D045333 MN - D12.644.641.548 MN - J1.637.524.750 MS - NANOTUBES formed from cyclic peptides (PEPTIDES, CYCLIC). Alternating D and L linkages create planar rings that self assemble by stacking into nanotubes. They can form pores through CELL MEMBRANE causing damage to cells. HN - 2004 MH - Natriuretic Agents UI - D045283 MN - D27.505.696.560 MN - D27.505.954.411.455 MS - Endogenous or exogenous chemicals that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body. They consist of peptides and non-peptide compounds. HN - 2004 BX - Natriuretic Hormones MH - Natriuretic Peptides UI - D045265 MN - D6.472.699.584 MS - Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE). HN - 2004 MH - Neisseria cinerea UI - D042804 MN - B3.440.400.425.550.550.125 MN - B3.660.75.525.520.124 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in the human NASOPHARYNX. AN - infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Neisseria elongata UI - D042805 MN - B3.440.400.425.550.550.299 MN - B3.660.75.525.520.262 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA consisting of short chains of rods. It has been isolated from the PHARYNX of healthy individuals and patients with ENDOCARDITIS. There are several recognized subspecies. AN - infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Neisseria lactamica UI - D042806 MN - B3.440.400.425.550.550.600 MN - B3.660.75.525.520.475 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA commonly found in the NASOPHARYNX of infants and children, but rarely pathogenic. It is the only species to produce acid from LACTOSE. AN - infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Neisseria mucosa UI - D042807 MN - B3.440.400.425.550.550.660 MN - B3.660.75.525.520.520 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA, found in the human NASOPHARYNX and in the normal flora of the respiratory tissues in DOLPHINS. It is occasionally pathogenic for humans and pathogenic for MICE. (Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, 1st edition, p295) AN - infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Neisseria sicca UI - D042808 MN - B3.440.400.425.550.550.800 MN - B3.660.75.525.520.760 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA found in the human NASOPHARYNX; SALIVA; and SPUTUM. AN - infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Neuroendoscopes UI - D044582 MN - E7.230.220.707 MN - E7.858.240.707 MS - Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures related to NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. There are two broad categories of neuroendoscopes, the rigid scope and the flexible scope, for various types of procedures. HN - 2004 FX - Neuroendoscopy MH - Neuroendoscopy UI - D044583 MN - E1.370.388.250.700 MN - E4.800.250.700 MS - PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. HN - 2004 FX - Neuroendoscopes MH - NIH 3T3 Cells UI - D041681 MN - A11.251.210.700.550 MN - A11.329.228.900.550 MS - A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/) AN - almost always NIM with no subheadings; check ANIMAL & MICE; do not routinely add FIBROBLASTS or EMBRYO HN - 2004; use 3T3 CELLS 1992-2003 MH - Nipah Virus UI - D045405 MN - B4.820.455.600.650.400.550 MN - B4.909.777.455.600.650.400.550 MS - A species of HENIPAVIRUS, closely related to HENDRA VIRUS, which emerged in Peninsular Malaysia in 1998. It causes a severe febrile ENCEPHALITIS in humans and also encephalitis and RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES in pigs. Fruit bats (PTEROPUS) are the natural host. AN - infection: coord IM with HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004; use PARAMYXOVIRINAE 2000-2003 MH - Nitella UI - D044443 MN - B2.150.575 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family CHARACEAE. They are found in shallow to deep waters of soft water or acid lakes and bogs. HN - 2004; use ALGAE, GREEN 1998-2003 MH - Nitrosomonadaceae UI - D043369 MN - B3.440.400.425.562 MN - B3.660.75.550 MS - A family of gram-negative nitrifying bacteria, in the order Nitrosomonadales, class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA. HN - 2004 MH - Nitrosomonas europaea UI - D043370 MN - B3.440.400.425.562.500.200 MN - B3.660.75.550.500.200 MS - The type species of the genus NITROSOMONAS, a gram-negative chemolithotroph that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite. It is found in soil, sewage, freshwater, and on building walls, and especially in polluted areas where air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds. HN - 2004 MH - Norisoprenoids UI - D045792 MN - D2.455.426.392.368.367.751 MN - D2.455.849.131.309 MS - Thirteen-carbon butene cyclohexene degradation products formed by the cleavage of CAROTENOIDS. They contribute to the flavor of some FRUIT. AN - X ref IONONES: do not confuse with IONOL (BHT) HN - 2004 MH - Nucleoside-Triphosphatase UI - D043583 MN - D8.811.277.40.465 MS - An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates. It may also catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphates, diphosphates, thiamine diphosphates and FAD. The nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolases I and II are subtypes of the enzyme which are found mostly in viruses. HN - 2004; use NUCLEOSIDE-TRIPHOSPHATASE (NM) 1973-2003 MH - Nutrition Therapy UI - D044623 MN - E2.642 MS - Improving health status of an individual by adjusting the quantities, qualities, and methods of nutrient intake. AN - GEN only; prefer specifics HN - 2004 BX - Medical Nutrition Therapy MH - Oceania UI - D044349 MN - Z1.678 MS - The islands of the central and South Pacific, including Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and traditionally Australasia. (Random House Dictionary, 2d ed) HN - 2004 MH - Oceanic Ancestry Group UI - D044468 MN - M1.686.508.600 MS - Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the islands of the central and South Pacific, including Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and traditionally Australasia. HN - 2004; use AUSTRALOID RACE for AUSTRALIAN RACE 1966-1977; BX - Pacific Island Americans MH - Oceanospirillaceae UI - D044130 MN - B3.440.595 MN - B3.660.250.540 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Oceanospirillales. HN - 2004 MH - Ochlerotatus UI - D044969 MN - B1.500.131.617.289.275.612 MS - A genus of mosquitoes in the family CULICIDAE. A large number of the species are found in the neotropical part of the Americas. HN - 2004 MH - Ochnaceae UI - D043842 MN - B6.388.100.779 MS - A plant family of the order THEALES, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that have evergreen, alternate leaves. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Ochna BX - Ouratea BX - Sauvagesia MH - Ochrobactrum UI - D042041 MN - B3.440.400.425.575 MN - B3.660.50.70.700 MS - A genus of the family BRUCELLACEAE comprising obligately aerobic gram-negative rods with parallel sides and rounded ends. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Ochromonas UI - D044663 MN - B2.75.600 MS - A genus of GOLDEN-BROWN ALGAE in the family Ochromonadaceae, found mostly in freshwater. They bear two unequal FLAGELLA and are heterotrophic. HN - 2004 MH - Ocular Physiologic Phenomena UI - D043722 MN - G11.697.677 MS - Observable or measurable characteristics of the ocular system. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 BX - Ocular Physiological Phenomena MH - Ocular Physiologic Processes UI - D043723 MN - G11.697.716 MS - Biological action and events that support the functions of the EYE and VISION. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 BX - Ocular Physiological Processes MH - Oligoclonal Bands UI - D043025 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.890 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.890 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.890 MN - D24.611.125.600.880 MS - Multiple protein bands serving as markers of specific ANTIBODIES and detected by ELECTROPHORESIS of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID or serum. The bands are most often seen during inflammatory or immune processes and are found in most patients with MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. HN - 2004; use OLIGOCLONAL BANDS (NM) 1981-2003 BX - Immunoglobulins, Oligoclonal BX - Oligoclonal Immunoglobulins FX - Paraproteins MH - Ornithobacterium UI - D045246 MN - B3.140.190.600 MN - B3.440.400.425.310.600 MN - B3.440.602 MS - A genus of gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE. It is pathogenic in BIRDS. AN - infection: coord IM with FLAVOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Overnutrition UI - D044343 MN - C18.654.726 MS - An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from excessive intake of nutrients. Generally, overnutrition generates an energy imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure leading to disorders such as OBESITY. HN - 2004 MH - Ovulation Prediction UI - D044384 MN - E1.370.378.530.775 MN - E2.875.745 MN - E5.820.745 MS - Predicting the time of OVULATION can be achieved by measuring the preovulatory elevation of ESTRADIOL; LUTEINIZING HORMONE or other hormones in BLOOD or URINE. Accuracy of ovulation prediction depends on the completeness of the hormone profiles, and the ability to determine the preovulatory LH peak. HN - 2004 FX - Ovulation Detection MH - Oxalobacteraceae UI - D042802 MN - B3.440.400.425.587 MN - B3.660.75.600 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA. There are at least eight genera. HN - 2004 MH - Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors UI - D044925 MN - D8.811.682.675 MS - A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on carbon-carbon bonds. This enzyme group includes all the enzymes that introduce double bonds into substrates by direct dehydrogenation of carbon-carbon single bonds. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Paracoccus pantotrophus UI - D042084 MN - B3.440.400.425.600.690 MN - B3.660.50.750.600.600 MS - A species of gram-negative, coccoid, mostly chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE. Some strains can grow anaerobically. HN - 2004 BX - Thiosphaera pantotropha MH - Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein UI - D044162 MN - D6.472.699.588 MN - D11.303.553.976 MN - D12.644.276.952 MN - D12.644.548.588 MN - D12.776.467.890 MS - A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy. AN - see SCR for organism specific terms HN - 2004; use PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN (NM) 1987-2003 FX - Parathyroid Hormone FX - Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone MH - Pasteurella pneumotropica UI - D044142 MN - B3.440.450.600.600.650 MN - B3.660.250.550.590.650 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PASTEURELLA, found in the NASOPHARYNX of normal GUINEA PIGS; RATS; HAMSTERS; MICE; DOGS; and CATS. When associated with disease, it is usually a secondary invader. Occasional infections have been reported in humans. AN - infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pectinatus UI - D045852 MN - B3.440.425.410.96.755 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family ACIDAMINOCOCCACEAE, isolated from spoiled BEER and pitching yeast. HN - 2004 MH - Pectobacterium UI - D044043 MN - B3.440.450.425.585 MN - B3.660.250.150.542 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE consisting of species that profusely produce pectinolytic enzymes in plant pathogenesis. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus UI - D045042 MN - A8.186.211.132.659.822.575 MS - Dense collection of cells in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum known to play a role in the functional organization of the BASAL GANGLIA and in the modulation of the thalamocortical neuronal system. HN - 2004 MH - Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidase UI - D043524 MN - D8.811.277.87.725 MS - An amidohydrolase that removes intact asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains from glycoproteins. It requires the presence of more than two amino-acid residues in the substrate for activity. This enzyme was previously listed as EC 3.2.2.18. HN - 2004; use PEPTIDE-N4-(N-ACETYL-BETA-GLUCOSAMINYL) ASPARAGINE AMIDASE (NM) 1979 - 2003 BX - Glycopeptidase MH - Peronospora UI - D044742 MN - B2.650.710 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family Peronosporaceae. Most species are obligatory parasites and many are plant pathogens. HN - 2004 MH - Persistent Hyperinsulinemia Hypoglycemia of Infancy UI - D044903 MN - C16.320.565.202.765 MN - C16.614.716 MN - C18.452.394.968.750 MN - C18.452.394.984.746 MS - A form of nontransient HYPOGLYCEMIA, unique to infancy, due to autosomal recessive mutations of the sulfonylurea receptor gene on CHROMOSOME 11. Defects in the sulfonylurea receptors (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS) on the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS prevent negative feedback of GLUCOSE-regulated INSULIN release thus resulting in HYPERINSULINEMIA. Clinical phenotype includes SEIZURES; COMA; and often large BIRTH WEIGHT for GESTATIONAL AGE. HN - 2004 MH - Phase Transition UI - D044367 MN - H1.181.529.699 MN - H1.671.660 MS - A change of a substance from one form or state to another. AN - note X refs: restrict to physical chemical change; not for physiologic phase transition HN - 2004 FX - Crystallization FX - Precipitation FX - Titrimetry FX - Transition Temperature MH - Phenalenes UI - D043803 MN - D4.615.680 MS - A group of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS that have three rings joined as a triad around a single carbon atom so all three are conjoined, in contrast to a linear arrangement (ANTHRACENES) or angular arrangement (PHENANTHRENES). HN - 2004 MH - Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase UI - D043265 MN - D8.811.277.352.640.700.700.500 MN - D8.811.520.650.800 MS - A phosphorus-oxygen lyase found primarily in BACTERIA. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of a phosphoester linkage in 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol to form 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and diacylglycerol. The enzyme was formerly classified as a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.10) and is often referred to as a PHOSPHOLIPASE C. However it is now known that a cyclic phosphate is the final product of this enzyme and that water does not enter into the reaction. AN - note X refs: PHOSPHOLIPASE C is also available HN - 2004; use PHOSPHOTIDYLINOSITOL DIACYLGLYCEROL-LYASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - 1-Phosphatidylinositol Phosphodiesterase MH - Phosphodiesterase I UI - D043264 MN - D8.811.277.352.640.430 MS - A phosphoric diester hydrolase that removes 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. It has low activity towards POLYNUCLEOTIDES and the presence of 3'-phosphate terminus on the substrate may inhibit hydrolysis. HN - 2004; use PHOSPHODIESTERASE I (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases UI - D044345 MN - D8.811.277.352.660 MS - A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the three ester bonds in a phosphotriester-containing compound. HN - 2004; for PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE use ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE (NM) 1980 - 2003 MH - Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins UI - D045322 MN - D8.811.600.710 MN - D12.776.758 MS - Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of PLANTS and other photosynthetic organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II. HN - 2004 FX - Thylakoids MH - Photosystem I Protein Complex UI - D045331 MN - D8.811.600.710.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.492 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.492 MN - D12.776.758.500 MS - A large multisubunit protein complex that is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to drive electron transfer reactions that result in either the reduction of NADP to NADPH or the transport of PROTONS across the membrane. HN - 2004; for PHOTOSYSTEM I REACTION CENTER use PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER COMPLEX PROTEINS 1991-2003 BX - Photosystem I Reaction Center MH - Photosystem II Protein Complex UI - D045332 MN - D8.811.600.710.750 MN - D12.776.758.750 MS - A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN. HN - 2004; for PHOTOSYSTEM II REACTION CENTER use PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER COMPLEX PROTEINS 1991-2003; for WATER-SPLITTING ENZYME OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS use PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX (NM) 1980-2003; for PHOTOSYSTEM II REACTION CENTER COMPLEX D2 PROTEIN use PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX (NM) 1992-2003; for D1 PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN, PLANT use PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX (NM) 1989-2003; MH - Phycobilisomes UI - D045524 MN - A11.284.149.165.695 MS - Light harvesting structures found within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of BACTERIA and FUNGI. HN - 2004; use PHYCOBILISOMES (NM) 1980-2003; use PROTEINS 1978-1979 FX - Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes MH - Physiological Effects of Drugs UI - D045505 MN - D27.505.696 MS - Activities which affect organs and systemic functions without regard to a particular disease. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Phytoplasma UI - D045582 MN - B3.440.560.74.575 MS - A genus of minute bacteria in the family ACHOLEPLASMATACEAE that inhabit phloem sieve elements of infected PLANTS and cause symptoms such as yellowing, phyllody, and witches' brooms. Organisms lack a CELL WALL and thus are similar to MYCOPLASMA in animals. They are transmitted by over 100 species of INSECTS especially leafhoppers, planthoppers, and PSYLLIDS. HN - 2004 MH - Pinus ponderosa UI - D041604 MN - B6.388.400.122.666.777.600 MS - A plant species of the genus PINUS that contains isocupressic acid. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Ponderosa Pine MH - Pinus sylvestris UI - D041605 MN - B6.388.400.122.666.777.744 MS - A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the source of pinosylvin. It is sometimes called Scotch pine or Scots pine, which is also a common name for other species of this genus. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Pinus taeda UI - D041603 MN - B6.388.400.122.666.777.888 MS - A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the subject of genetic study. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Loblolly Pine BX - Pine, Loblolly MH - Piscirickettsiaceae UI - D044147 MN - B3.440.612 MN - B3.660.250.565 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria, in the order Thiotrichales. AN - infection = PISCIRICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS HN - 2004 BX - Piscirickettsia BX - Thiomicrospira MH - Piscirickettsiaceae Infections UI - D044225 MN - C1.252.400.719 MS - Infections with bacteria of the family PISCIRICKETTSIACEAE, causing septicemic disease of salmonid fish (SALMONIDAE). Piscirickettsia-like bacteria are also associated with disease syndromes in non-salmonid fish. HN - 2004 BX - Piscirickettsiosis MH - Plocamium UI - D044725 MN - B2.100.585 MS - A genus of RED ALGAE, in the family Plocamiaceae, found in temperate marine environments worldwide. Polyhalogenated monoterpenes of potential medicinal use have been isolated from its species. HN - 2004 MH - Pneumocystis carinii UI - D045363 MN - B5.107.730.650 MS - The prototype species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus (RATS). It was formerly called Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. Other species of Pneumocystis can also infect rats. AN - do not confuse with the human form, Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis (previously indexed with PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII) now PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; infection: coord IM with probably PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS (IM) but if not of lungs, coord with PNEUMOCYSTIS INFECTIONS (IM) + precoord organ/dis term (IM) HN - 2004; use PNEUMOCYSTIS 1974-2003 MH - Pneumocystis jiroveci UI - D045382 MN - B5.107.730.700 MS - A species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting humans and causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA. It also occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. Its former name was Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis. AN - infection: coord IM with probably PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS (IM) but if not of lungs, coord with PNEUMOCYSTIS INFECTIONS (IM) + precoord organ/dis term (IM); coord with pre-coord fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal UI - D045729 MN - C1.252.620.540 MN - C8.381.677.540.540 MN - C8.730.610.540.540 MN - C22.905.626 MS - A chronic, clinically mild, infectious pneumonia of PIGS caused by MYCOPLASMA HYOPNEUMONIAE. Ninety percent of swine herds worldwide are infected with this economically costly disease that primarily affects animals aged two to six months old. The disease can be associated with porcine respiratory disease complex. PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA is often found as a secondary infection. AN - do not confuse with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA HN - 2004 BX - Enzootic Pneumonia of Swine BX - Mycoplasmal Pneumonia of Swine BX - Pneumonia of Swine, Enzootic MH - Polygonum cuspidatum UI - D045468 MN - B6.388.100.825.437.500 MS - A plant species of the family POLYGONACEAE. Itadori tea is prepared from the root of this genus. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Population Groups UI - D044382 MN - M1.686 MN - N1.224.708 MS - Individuals classified according to their sex, racial origin, religion, common place of living, financial or social status, or some other cultural or behavioral attribute. (UMLS, 2003) AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus UI - D045722 MN - B4.820.504.540.150.800.600 MN - B4.909.777.500.540.150.800.600 MS - A mutant strain of TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS causing mild or subclinical respiratory infections in young SWINE. It may also play a role in post-weaning porcine respiratory disease complex, especially when combined with other respiratory agents. AN - infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Porphyra UI - D044664 MN - B2.100.600 MS - A genus of RED ALGAE in the family Bangiaceae. It is the most widely consumed SEAWEED in the world and especially in Asia. HN - 2004 BX - Nori MH - Porphyridium UI - D044665 MN - B2.100.610 MS - A genus of RED ALGAE in the family Porphyridiaceae. A single stellate CHLOROPLAST is present in each cell which has no CELL WALL. HN - 2004 MH - Porphyromonas endodontalis UI - D045202 MN - B3.140.94.625.350 MN - B3.440.425.410.194.625.350 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PORPHYROMONAS, family Porphyromonadaceae. It is a key pathogen in endodontic infections. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B UI - D042925 MN - D12.776.930.955.500 MS - A transcriptional elongation factor complex that is comprised of a heterodimer of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 9 and one of several CYCLINS including cyclin T1, T2 and K. It functions by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA POLYMERASE II, which results in more processive transcription complexes. HN - 2004; use POSITIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION FACTOR B (NM) 1996-2003 MH - PQQ Cofactor UI - D045542 MN - D3.438.810.835.661 MN - D8.211.682 MS - A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES. HN - 2004; use PQQ COFACTOR (NM) 1981-2003 BX - Methoxatin MH - Pregnancy-Associated alpha 2-Macroglobulins UI - D045384 MN - D12.776.124.790.720.100.500 MN - D12.776.780.675 MS - Large (>160 kDa) glycoproteins with electrophoretic mobility of ALPHA-GLOBULINS, found in high concentration in the plasma of pregnant women but also in a number of species including mouse, rat, and others (ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS). In humans, they are always present in the circulation and are nonspecific inhibitors of PROTEINASES, similar to COMPLEMENT PROTEINS (C3; C4; C5). HN - 2004 BX - Pregnancy-Associated alpha 2-Globulins BX - Pregnancy-Associated alpha 2-Glycoproteins MH - Prevotella nigrescens UI - D045242 MN - B3.140.94.640.550 MN - B3.440.425.410.194.640.550 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the family Prevotellaceae. It is the species most commonly isolated from endodontic infections (PULPITIS). AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Prevotella ruminicola UI - D045243 MN - B3.140.94.640.700 MN - B3.440.425.410.194.640.700 MS - A saccharolytic species of gram-negative bacteria in the family Prevotellaceae. It ferments a wide range of CARBOHYDRATES in the RUMEN of animals. HN - 2004 MH - Proanthocyanidins UI - D044945 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.700 MS - Dimers and oligomers of CATECHIN analogs joined to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways. AN - specifics in SCR HN - 2004; use PROANTHOCYANIDIN (NM) 1977-2003 BX - Anthocyanidin Polymers BX - Tannin, Condensed MH - Progesterone Congeners UI - D045167 MN - D6.472.334.851.687 MS - Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Propionigenium UI - D045184 MN - B3.370.600 MN - B3.440.425.410.600 MS - A genus of strictly anaerobic, nonsporeforming gram-negative bacteria in the family Fusobacteriaceae. Species in this genus are popularly used in biochemical research. AN - do not confuse with PROPIONIBACTERIUM, a gram-positive bacterium; infection: coord IM with FUSOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Proprotein Convertase 1 UI - D045664 MN - D8.811.277.656.300.760.640 MN - D8.811.277.656.837.500 MS - A CALCIUM-dependent endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE that is near paired basic residues. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN; PRORENIN; proenkephalins; prodynorphin; prosomatostatin; and PROINSULIN. HN - 2004; for PC1 PROHORMONE CONVERTASE, NEUROENDOCRINE CONVERTASE PC1, PC3 ENDOPROTEASE, PROHORMONE CONVERTASE 1 use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE (NM) 1991-2003; for PC1 ENDOPROTEASE & PC3 PROHORMONE CONVERTASE use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE (NM) 1993-2003; for PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SPC3 use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE (NM) 2001-2003; for PROINSULIN CONVERTASE 1 use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE (NM) 2002-2003 BX - PC1 Prohormone Convertase MH - Proprotein Convertase 2 UI - D045706 MN - D8.811.277.656.300.760.646 MN - D8.811.277.656.837.562 MS - A serine endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, proluteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, proenkephalins, prodynorphin, and PROINSULIN. HN - 2004; use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 2 (NM) 1991-2003 BX - Prohormone Convertase, PC2 MH - Proprotein Convertase 5 UI - D045702 MN - D8.811.277.656.300.760.648 MN - D8.811.277.656.837.625 MS - A serine endopeptidase found primarily in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. It has specificity for cleavage of a variety of substrates including PRORENIN, pro-membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, and NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE L1. HN - 2004; use PREPROTEIN CONVERTASE 5 (NM) 1993-2003; for PC6 ENDOPROTEASE use PREPROTEIN CONVERTASE 5 (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Prohormone Convertase, PC5 MH - Proprotein Convertases UI - D043484 MN - D8.811.277.656.837 MS - Proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the conversion of protein precursors such as peptide prohormones into PEPTIDE HORMONES. Some are ENDOPEPTIDASES, some are EXOPEPTIDASES. HN - 2004; use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES (NM) 2002-2003; for PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN CONVERTING ENZYME use PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES (NM) 1982-2003 BX - Pro-Opiomelanocortin Converting Enzyme BX - Prohormone Convertases BX - Proprotein Convertase MH - Prostaglandin H2 UI - D044262 MN - D10.251.355.255.100.637.25.650.500 MN - D10.251.355.255.550.25.650.500 MN - D17.350.50.175.725.720.720.500 MS - A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins. AN - /analogs: coord with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC if pertinent HN - 2004; use PROSTAGLANDIN H2 (NM) 1980-2003 BX - PGH2 MH - Prostaglandins I UI - D044062 MN - D10.251.355.255.100.637.550 MN - D10.251.355.255.550.550 MN - D17.350.50.175.725.895 MS - A class of cyclic prostaglandins that contain the 6,9-epoxy bond. Endogenous members of this family are biosynthesized enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES. AN - DF: PGI HN - 2004; use EPOPROSTENOL 1979-2003 MH - Proteus penneri UI - D044095 MN - B3.440.450.425.600.650 MN - B3.660.250.150.590.670 MS - A genus of gram-negative bacteria isolated from individuals in LONG-TERM CARE facilities and HOSPITALS. AN - infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas alcaligenes UI - D044202 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.120 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.70 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It cannot utilize FRUCTOSE; GLUCOSE; or MALTOSE for energy. AN - infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas fragi UI - D044206 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.350 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.230 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It has a characteristic strawberry color and is widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas mendocina UI - D044203 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.500 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.500 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS, which is found in SOIL and WATER. AN - infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas oleovorans UI - D044204 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.650 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.570 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is isolated from oil-water emulsions used as lubricants and cooling agents in the cutting and grinding of materials. HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes UI - D044205 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.662 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.575 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. All strains can utilize FRUCTOSE for energy. It is occasionally isolated from humans and some strains are pathogenic to WATERMELON. AN - infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas stutzeri UI - D044223 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.750 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.750 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS, containing multiple genomovars. It is distinguishable from other pseudomonad species by its ability to use MALTOSE and STARCH as sole carbon and energy sources. It can degrade ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS and has been used as a model organism to study denitrification. AN - infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pseudomonas syringae UI - D044224 MN - B3.440.400.425.625.625.770 MN - B3.660.250.580.590.770 MS - A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities. HN - 2004 MH - Psychrobacter UI - D044096 MN - B3.440.400.425.537.650 MN - B3.660.250.530.650 MS - A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the family MORAXELLACEAE, associated with processed MEAT; FISH PRODUCTS; and POULTRY PRODUCTS. AN - infection: coord IM with MORAXELLACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Pyrobaculum UI - D041543 MN - B7.75.800.800.650 MS - A genus of rod-shaped, almost rectangular ARCHAEA, in the family THERMOPROTEACEAE. Organisms are facultatively aerobic or strictly anaerobic, grow on various organic substrates, and are found in continental solfataras. HN - 2004 MH - Pyrococcus abyssi UI - D043903 MN - B7.200.825.800.650.20 MS - A species of gram-negative hyperthermophilic ARCHAEA found in deep ocean hydrothermal vents. It is an obligate anaerobe and obligate chemoorganotroph. HN - 2004 MH - Pyrococcus horikoshii UI - D043902 MN - B7.200.825.800.650.400 MS - Anaerobic hyperthermophilic species of ARCHAEA, isolated from hydrothermal fluid samples. It is obligately heterotrophic with coccoid cells that require TRYPTOPHAN for growth. HN - 2004 MH - Pyrodictiaceae UI - D041523 MN - B7.75.200.650 MS - A family of archaea, in the order DESULFUROCOCCALES consisting of anaerobic coccoid to disc-shaped cells. They grow either chemolithoautotrophically or by FERMENTATION. Three genera are recognized: Pyrodictium, Hyperthermus, and Pyrolobus. HN - 2004; for PYRODICTIUM use DESULFUROCOCCACEAE 1998-2003 BX - Hyperthermus BX - Pyrodictium BX - Pyrolobus MH - Quantum Dots UI - D045663 MN - E7.565.500 MS - Nanometer sized fragments (the dots) of semiconductor crystalline material which emits PHOTONS. The wavelength is based on the quantum confinement size of the dot. They are brighter and more persistent than organic chemical INDICATORS. They can be embedded in MICROBEADS for high throughput ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. AN - do not confuse with microscopic fluorescent bar codes which are micrometer sized HN - 2004 MH - 4-Quinolones UI - D042462 MN - D3.438.810.835.55 MS - QUINOLONES containing a 4-oxo (a carbonyl in the para position to the nitrogen). They inhibit the A subunit of DNA GYRASE and are used as antimicrobials. Second generation 4-quinoloines are also substituted with a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position and a fluorine at the 6-position. HN - 2004 MH - Ralstonia UI - D043367 MN - B3.440.400.425.687.650 MN - B3.660.75.645.650 MS - The sole genus in the family RALSTONIACEAE, comprised of many species. They are associated with a variety of infections including MENINGITIS; PERITONITIS; and URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 BX - Ralstonia pickettii MH - Ralstonia solanacearum UI - D043368 MN - B3.440.400.425.687.650.750 MN - B3.660.75.645.650.750 MS - A species of Ralstonia previously classed in the genera PSEUDOMONAS and BURKHOLDERIA. It is an important plant pathogen. HN - 2004 MH - Ralstoniaceae UI - D043365 MN - B3.440.400.425.687 MN - B3.660.75.645 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Burkholderiales, class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA. It is comprised of a single genus RALSTONIA. HN - 2004 MH - Receptor, Adenosine A1 UI - D043682 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.700.700.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.700.700.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.810.700.100 MS - A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the BRAIN and DORSAL HORN NEURONS. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P1 1994-2003 BX - Adenosine A1 Receptors MH - Receptor, Adenosine A2A UI - D043705 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.700.700.200.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.700.700.200.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.810.700.200.100 MS - A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ADENOSINE A2A (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Adenosine A2A Receptor MH - Receptor, Adenosine A2B UI - D043704 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.700.700.200.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.700.700.200.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.810.700.200.200 MS - A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in the CECUM, the COLON, the BLADDER, and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a low affinity receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ADENSINE A2B (NM) 1997-2003 BX - Adenosine A2B Receptor MH - Receptor, Adenosine A3 UI - D043684 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.700.700.300 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.700.700.300 MN - D12.776.543.750.810.700.300 MS - A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the BRAIN and endocrine tissues. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ADENOSINE A3 (NM) 1997-2003 BX - Adenosine A3 Receptors MH - Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a UI - D044087 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.24 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.833.550 MN - D24.185.101.100.110.595 MN - D24.611.216.301.264.35.595 MS - A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT 5A. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ANAPHYLATOXIN C5A (NM) 1985-2003 BX - Anaphylatoxin C5a Receptor BX - Antigens, CD88 BX - CD88 Antigens BX - Complement 5a Receptor MH - Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 UI - D044140 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.47.625 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.150.625 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.130.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.150.750 MS - An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ANGIOTENSIN, TYPE 1(NM) 1996-2003 BX - Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor BX - Angiotensin Type 1a Receptor BX - Angiotensin Type 1b Receptor BX - Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1a BX - Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1b MH - Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 UI - D044139 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.47.687 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.150.687 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.130.875 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.150.875 MS - An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ANGIOTENSIN, TYPE 2 (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor BX - Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor BX - Receptor, Angiotensin II Type 2 MH - Receptor, Bradykinin B1 UI - D043783 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.80.249 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.220.249 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.220.249 MS - A subtype of bradykinin receptor that is induced in response to INFLAMMATION. It may play a role in chronic inflammation and has a high specificity for KININS lacking the C-terminal ARGININE such as des-Arg(10)-kallidin and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin. The receptor is coupled to G-PROTEIN, GQ-G11 ALPHA FAMILY and G-PROTEIN, GI-GO ALPHA FAMILY signaling proteins. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, BRADYKININ B1 (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Bradykinin B1 Receptor MH - Receptor, Bradykinin B2 UI - D043782 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.80.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.220.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.220.500 MS - A constitutively expressed subtype of bradykinin receptor that may play a role in the acute phase of the inflammatory and pain response. It has high specificity for intact forms of BRADYKININ and KALLIDIN. The receptor is coupled to G-PROTEIN, GQ-G11 ALPHA FAMILY and G-PROTEIN, GI-GO ALPHA FAMILY signaling proteins. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, BRADYKININ B2 (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Bradykinin B2 Receptor BX - Bradykinin Type 2 Receptor MH - Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 UI - D043884 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.125.100 MS - A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, CANNABINOID (NM) 1995-2003 BX - Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 MH - Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 UI - D043885 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.125.200 MS - A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of CYTOKINES. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, CANNABINOID (NM) 1995-2003 BX - Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 MH - Receptor, Cholecystokinin A UI - D043886 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.170.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.270.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.360.200.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.270.100 MS - A subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the PANCREAS; STOMACH; INTESTINE; and GALLBLADDER. It plays a role in regulating digestive functions such as gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion and absorption in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. AN - DF: CCK A RECEPT HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, CHOLECYSTOKININ A (NM) 1994-2003 BX - CCK-A Receptor BX - Cholecystokinin A Receptor MH - Receptor, Cholecystokinin B UI - D043887 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.170.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.270.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.360.200.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.270.200 MS - A subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the GASTRIC MUCOSA. It may play a role as a neuromodulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission the regulation of GASTRIC ACID secretion from GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. AN - DF: CCK B RECEPT HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, CHOLECYSTOKININ B (NM) 1993-2003 BX - CCK-B Receptor BX - Receptors, Gastrin MH - Receptor, Endothelin A UI - D044022 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.220.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.320.100 MS - A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It has a high affinity for ENDOTHELIN-1 and ENDOTHELIN-2. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Endothelin A Receptors MH - Receptor, Endothelin B UI - D044023 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.220.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.320.200 MS - A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the KIDNEY. It may play a role in reducing systemic ENDOTHELIN levels. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN B (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Endothelin B Receptors BX - Endothelin B-2 Receptor BX - Receptor, Endothelin B, Type 2 MH - Receptor, Galanin, Type 1 UI - D044091 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.315.100 MS - The most abundant galanin receptor subtype. It displays a high affinity for the full-length form of GALANIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, GALANIN, TYPE 1 (NM) 1997-2003 BX - Galanin Receptor 1 MH - Receptor, Galanin, Type 2 UI - D044092 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.315.200 MS - A galanin receptor subtype with broad specificity for full length GALANIN, galanin peptide fragments and GALANIN-LIKE PEPTIDE. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, GALANIN, TYPE 2 (NM) 1997-2003 BX - Galanin Receptor 2 MH - Receptor, Galanin, Type 3 UI - D044093 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.315.300 MS - A galanin receptor subtype with high affinity for GALANIN-LIKE PEPTIDE and low affinity for full length GALANIN and galanin peptide fragments. HN - 2004 BX - Galanin Receptor 3 MH - Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 UI - D044102 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.430.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.285.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.285.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.660.285.500.500 MS - A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in MELANOCYTES. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH and CORTICOTROPIN. Loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in human. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 1 (NM) 1999-2003 BX - Melanocortin Receptor 1 MH - Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2 UI - D044103 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.430.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.285.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.285.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.660.285.500.750 MS - A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in the ADRENAL CORTEX. It shows specificity for CORTICOTROPIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 2 (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Melanocortin Receptor 2 MH - Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3 UI - D044104 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.430.875 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.285.500.875 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.285.500.875 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.660.285.500.875 MS - A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH; GAMMA-MSH and CORTICOTROPIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE, 3 (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Melanocortin Receptor 3 MH - Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 UI - D044105 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.430.937 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.285.500.937 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.285.500.937 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.660.285.500.937 MS - A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH and CORTICOTROPIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 4 (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Melanocortin Receptor 4 MH - Receptor, Melatonin, MT1 UI - D044122 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.440.500 MS - A melatonin receptor subtype that is primarily found in the HYPOTHALAMUS and in the KIDNEY. HN - 2004; for MEL(1A)-MELATONIN RECEPTOR use MELATONIN RECEPTORS (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Melatonin MT1 Receptor MH - Receptor, Melatonin, MT2 UI - D044123 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.440.750 MS - A melatonin receptor subtype primarily found expressed in the BRAIN and RETINA. HN - 2004; for MELATONIN 1B RECEPTOR use RECEPTORS, MELATONIN (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Melatonin MT2 Receptor MH - Receptor, Muscarinic M1 UI - D043643 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.475.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.360.500.99 MS - A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor that has a high affinity for the drug PIRENZEPINE. It is found in the peripheral GANGLIA where it signals a variety of physiological functions such as GASTRIC ACID secretion and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION. This subtype of muscarinic receptor is also found in neuronal tissues including the CEREBRAL CORTEX and HIPPOCAMPUS where it mediates the process of MEMORY and LEARNING. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MUSCARINIC M1(NM) 1996-2003 BX - Muscarinic Receptor M1 MH - Receptor, Muscarinic M2 UI - D043585 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.475.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.360.500.200 MS - A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the lower BRAIN, the HEART and in SMOOTH MUSCLE-containing organs. Although present in smooth muscle the M2 muscarinic receptor appears not to be involved in contractile responses. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MUSCARINIC M2 (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Muscarinic Receptor M2 MH - Receptor, Muscarinic M3 UI - D043587 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.475.300 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.360.500.300 MS - A subclass of muscarinic receptor that mediates cholinergic-induced contraction in a variety of SMOOTH MUSCLES. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MUSCARINIC M3 (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Muscarinic Receptor M3 MH - Receptor, Muscarinic M4 UI - D043588 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.475.400 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.360.500.400 MS - A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the CORPUS STRIATUM and the LUNG. It has similar receptor binding specificities to MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR M1 and MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR M2. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MUSCARINIC M4 (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Muscarinic Receptor M4 BX - Muscarinic Receptors M4 BX - Receptors, Muscarinic M4 MH - Receptor, Muscarinic M5 UI - D043642 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.475.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.360.500.500 MS - A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in a variety of locations including the SALIVARY GLANDS and the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA of the BRAIN. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, MUSCARINIC M5 (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Muscarinic Receptor M5 BX - Muscarinic Receptors M5 MH - Receptor, PAR-1 UI - D044463 MN - D12.776.395.550.625.800.790 MN - D12.776.543.550.625.800.790 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.875.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.850.399 MN - D12.776.543.750.792.500.500 MS - A thrombin receptor subtype that couples to HETEROTRIMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS resulting in the activation of a variety of signaling mechanisms including decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP, increased PHOSPHOLIPASE C and increased PHOSPHOLIPASE A2. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED 1 (NM) 1997-2003 BX - PAR-1 Receptor BX - Protease-Activated Receptor 1 MH - Receptor, PAR-2 UI - D044464 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.35 MN - D12.776.543.750.792.249 MS - A G-protein-coupled, proteinase-activated receptor that is expressed in a variety of tissues including ENDOTHELIUM; LEUKOCYTES; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. The receptor is activated by TRYPSIN, which cleaves off the N-terminal peptide from the receptor. The new N-terminal peptide is a cryptic ligand for the receptor. The uncleaved receptor can also be activated by the N-terminal peptide present on the activated THROMBIN RECEPTOR and by small synthetic peptides that contain the unmasked N-terminal sequence. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, PAR-2 (NM) 1994-2003; for TRYPSIN RECEPTOR use RECEPTOR, PAR-2 (NM) 1986-2003 BX - PAR-2 Receptor BX - Proteinase Activated Receptor 2 MH - Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1 UI - D044168 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.650.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.600.100 MS - A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype that recognizes both PARATHYROID HORMONE and PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in BONE and in KIDNEY. HN - 2004; for PARATHYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR use RECEPTORS, PARATHYROID HORMONE 1994-2003 & RECEPTORS, PARATHYROID HORMONE (NM) 1980-1993; for PARATHYROID HORMONE-LIKE PEPTIDE RECEPTOR use RECEPTOR, PARATHYROID HORMONE, TYPE 1 (NM) 1991-2003 BX - Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type 1 MH - Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2 UI - D044183 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.650.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.600.200 MS - A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype found in the BRAIN and the PANCREAS. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor with a ligand specificity that varies between homologs from different species. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, PARATHYROID HORMONE, TYPE 2 (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 2 MH - Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A UI - D044282 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.100.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.100.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.100.100 MS - A serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion. The fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to SEROTONIN AGONISTS such as BUSPIRONE suggests its role in the modulation of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR SEROTONIN 5 HT1 SUBCLASS (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Serotonin 1A Receptor MH - Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B UI - D044302 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.100.150 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.100.150 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.100.150 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.670.100.500 MS - A serotonin receptor subtype found at high levels in the BASAL GANGLIA and the frontal cortex. It plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of SEROTONIN release from nerve endings. This serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-HT1D RECEPTOR. It is particularly sensitive to the agonist SUMATRIPTAN and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigrane effect. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT1B (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Serotonin 1B Receptor MH - Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1D UI - D044346 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.100.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.100.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.100.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.670.100.750 MS - A serotonin receptor subtype that is localized to the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; PUTAMEN; the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; the HIPPOCAMPUS, and the RAPHE NUCLEI. It plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of SEROTONIN release from nerve endings. This serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-HT1B RECEPTOR, but is expressed at low levels. It is particularly sensitive to the agonist SUMATRIPTAN and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigrane effect. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT1D (NM) 1996-2003 BX - Serotonin 1D Receptor MH - Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A UI - D044402 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.200.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.200.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.200.100 MS - A serotonin receptor subtype found widely distributed in peripheral tissues where it mediates the contractile responses of variety of tissues that contain SMOOTH MUSCLE. Selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists include KETANSERIN. The 5-HT2A subtype is also located in BASAL GANGLIA and CEREBRAL CORTEX of the BRAIN where it mediates the effects of HALLUCINOGENS such as LSD. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2A (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Serotonin 2A Receptor MH - Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B UI - D044403 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.200.150 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.200.150 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.200.150 MS - A serotonin receptor subtype found in the BRAIN; HEART; LUNGS; PLACENTA and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM organs. A number of functions have been attributed to the action of the 5-HT2B receptor including the development of cardiac myocytes (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) and the contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2B (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Serotonin 2B Receptor MH - Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C UI - D044405 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.200.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.200.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.200.200 MS - A serotonin receptor subtype found primarily in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the CHOROID PLEXUS. This receptor subtype is believed to mediate the anorectic action of SEROTONIN, while selective antagonists of the 5-HT2C receptor appear to induce ANXIETY. Several isoforms of this receptor subtype exist, due to adenine deaminase editing of the receptor mRNA. HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2C (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Serotonin 2C Receptor MH - Receptor, TIE-1 UI - D042810 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.925.249 MN - D12.776.543.750.325.687.249 MS - A TIE receptor found prodominantly on ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. It is considered essential for vascular development and can form a heterodimer with the TIE-2 RECEPTOR. The TIE-1 receptor may play a role in regulating BLOOD VESSEL stability and maturation. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; for TIE-1 RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE & TIE1 TYROSINE KINASE use RECEPTOR, TIE-1 (NM) 1993-2003 BX - TIE-1 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase MH - Receptor, TIE-2 UI - D042787 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.925.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.325.687.500 MS - A TIE receptor tyrosine kinase that is found almost exclusively on ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. It is required for both normal embryonic vascular development (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC) and tumor angiogenesis (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC). AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use RECEPTOR TIE-2 (NM) 1993-2003 BX - TIE-2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase MH - Receptors, Adenosine A2 UI - D043683 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.700.700.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.700.700.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.810.700.200 MS - A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P1 1994-2003 BX - Adenosine A2 Receptors MH - Receptors, Calcium-Sensing UI - D044169 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.115 MS - A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that react to varying extracellular CALCIUM levels. Calcium-sensing receptors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS play an important role in the maintenance of calcium HOMEOSTASIS by regulating the release of PARATHYROID HORMONE. AN - CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS is also available HN - 2004; CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR (now RECEPTORS, CALCIUM-SENSING) was indexed under RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; for CALCIUM RECEPTORS use CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS 1982-2003; for RECEPTORS, CALCIUM use CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS 1996-2003 BX - Calcium-Sensing Receptor MH - Receptors, Cannabinoid UI - D043882 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.125 MS - A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES. AN - note specific subtypes HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, CANNABINOID (NM) 1988-2003 BX - Cannabinoid Receptor BX - Cannabinoid Receptors FX - Cannabinoids FX - Endocannabinoids MH - Receptors, Epoprostenol UI - D044006 MN - D12.776.543.750.75.700.299 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.200.700.299 MS - Cell surface receptors for EPOPROSTENOL. They are coupled to HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. AN - DF: PGI2 RECEPT HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, EPOPROSTENOL (NM) 1981-2002 BX - PGI2 Receptor BX - Prostacyclin Receptor BX - Receptors, Prostacyclin MH - Receptors, Formyl Peptide UI - D044042 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.235 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.873 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.340 MS - A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, FORMYL PEPTIDE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Chemotactic Peptide Receptor MH - Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled UI - D043562 MN - D12.776.543.750.100 MS - The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004 BX - G-Protein-Coupled Receptors MH - Receptors, Galanin UI - D044088 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.315 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.410 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.410 MS - A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for GALANIN and galanin peptides. They are generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN to meditate the neurological effects of galanin. Several subtypes of galanin receptors occur with differing specificities for the full length galanin, galanin peptide fragments, and galanin-like peptide. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, GALANIN (NM) 1999-2003 MH - Receptors, Lipoxin UI - D044067 MN - D12.776.543.750.75.575 MS - Cell surface proteins that bind LIPOXINS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. HN - 2004 BX - Lipoxin Receptors MH - Receptors, Melanocortin UI - D044101 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.430 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.600.285.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.555.285.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.660.285.500 MS - A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and CORTICOTROPIN. There are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, MELANOCORTIN (NM) 1994-2003 BX - Melanocortin Receptors MH - Receptors, Melatonin UI - D044094 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.440 MN - D12.776.826.590 MS - A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for and mediate the effects of MELATONIN. Activation of melatonin receptors has been associated with decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP and increased hydrolysis of PHOSPHOINOSITIDES. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, MELATONIN (NM) 1981-2003 BX - Melatonin Receptors MH - Receptors, Pheromone UI - D043563 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.660 MN - D12.776.543.750.775 MS - Cell surface receptors that respond to PHEROMONES. HN - 2004; use CHEMORECEPTORS 1991-2003 MH - Receptors, Proteinase-Activated UI - D044462 MN - D12.776.543.750.792 MS - A class of receptors that are activated by the action of PROTEINASES. The most notable examples are the THROMBIN RECEPTORS. The receptors contain cryptic ligands that are exposed upon the selective proteolysis of specific N-terminal cleavage sites. HN - 2004 MH - Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1 UI - D044263 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.100 MS - A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentialy to GI-GO G-PROTEINS resulting in decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP levels. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN, 5-HT1 (NM) 1993-2003 BX - Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor BX - Serotonin Receptors, 5-HT1 MH - Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2 UI - D044348 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.200 MS - A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentialy to the GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular levels of INOSITOL PHOSPHATES and free CALCIUM. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN 1989-2003 BX - Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptors BX - Serotonin Receptors, 5-HT2 MH - Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 UI - D044406 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.300 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.300 MS - A subclass of serotonin receptors that form cation channels and mediate signal transduction by depolarizing the cell membrane. The cation channels are formed from 5 receptor subunits. When stimulated the receptors and allow the selective passage of SODIUM; POTASSIUM; and CALCIUM. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN, 5-HT3 (NM) 1995-2003 BX - Serotonin 3 Receptor MH - Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4 UI - D044422 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.800.400 MN - D12.776.543.750.600.800.400 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.800.400 MS - A subtype of G-protein-coupled SEROTONIN receptors that preferentialy couple to GS STIMULATORY G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the receptor exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, SEROTININ, 5HT4 (NM) 1995-2003 BX - Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4L BX - Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4S BX - Serotonin 4 Receptor MH - Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2 UI - D044244 MN - D12.776.543.750.75.700.800 MN - D12.776.543.750.75.800.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.200.700.800 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.200.800.500 MS - A subclass of eicosonoid receptors that have specificity for THROMBOXANE A2 and PROSTAGLANDIN H2. HN - 2004; for THROMBOXANE A2 RECEPTOR use RECEPTORS, THROMBOXANE 1994-2003; for PROSTAGLANDIN H2 RECEPTOR use RECEPTORS, TROMBOXANE A2, PROSTAGLANDIN H2 (NM) 1985-2003 BX - Prostaglandin H2 Receptor BX - Receptors, Prostaglandin H2 BX - Receptors, Thromboxane A2 BX - Receptors, TXA2-PGH2 BX - Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2 Receptors BX - TXA2-PGH2 Receptors MH - Receptors, TIE UI - D042764 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.925 MN - D12.776.543.750.325.687 MS - A family of structurally-related tyrosine kinase receptors that are expressed predominantly in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and are essential for development of BLOOD VESSELS (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC). The name derives from the fact that they are tyrosine kinases that contain Ig and EGF domains. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004; use RECEPTORS, TIE (NM) 1999-2003 BX - TIE Receptor Tyrosine Kinases MH - Recombinases UI - D045522 MN - D8.811.739 MS - A broad category of enzymes that are involved in the process of GENETIC RECOMBINATION. HN - 2004; use RECOMBINASES (NM) 1986-2003; for RESOLVASE use RECOMBINASES (NM) 1981-2003 MH - Refusal to Participate UI - D045808 MN - F2.463.785.373.476.850 MS - Refusal to take part in activities or procedures that are requested or expected of an individual. This may include refusal by HEALTH PERSONNEL to participate in specific medical procedures or refusal by PATIENTS or members of the public to take part in CLINICAL TRIALS or health promotion programs. HN - 2004; use DISSENT AND DISPUTES 2003 FX - Conscience FX - Patient Participation FX - Refusal to Treat FX - Treatment Refusal MH - Regenerative Medicine UI - D044968 MN - G2.403.810.720 MS - A field of medicine concerned with developing and using strategies aimed at repair or replacement of damaged, diseased, or metabolically deficient organs, tissues, and cells via TISSUE ENGINEERING; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; and ARTIFICIAL ORGANS and BIOARTIFICIAL ORGANS and tissues. AN - Specialty HN - 2004 FX - Biocompatible Materials FX - Tissue Engineering MH - Reproductive Behavior UI - D043762 MN - F1.145.688 MN - G8.520.891 MS - Human behavior or decision related to REPRODUCTION. AN - human only; for animals use SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL or REPRODUCTION HN - 2004; use SEX BEHAVIOR 1980-2003 FX - Sexual Behavior MH - Respiratory Physiologic Phenomena UI - D044702 MN - G9.772.765 MS - Observable or measurable characteristics of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Respiratory Physiologic Processes UI - D044703 MN - G9.772.770 MS - Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Reticulocytosis UI - D045262 MN - C23.888.760 MN - G9.188.250.760 MS - An increase in circulating RETICULOCYTES, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated ERYTHROCYTE production. Reticulocytosis occurs during active BLOOD regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of ANEMIA, particularly CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. HN - 2004; use RETICULOCYTE COUNT 1994-2003 FX - Reticulocyte Count MH - Retinoscopes UI - D042261 MN - E7.230.540.500 MS - Instruments for RETINOSCOPY that determines the refractive state of the EYE, such as the degree of NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; or ASTIGMATISM. In principle, a retinoscope provides a light source to illuminate the RETINA, and then locates the aerial image of the retina in space to obtain an index of the refractive quality of the patient's lens system. HN - 2004 MH - Retinoscopy UI - D042262 MN - E1.370.380.560.500 MS - An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined. HN - 2004 FX - Refraction, Ocular MH - Rhizobium etli UI - D042163 MN - B3.440.400.425.700.800.337 MN - B3.660.50.730.670.337 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria and nitrogen innoculant of PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. HN - 2004 MH - Rhizobium phaseoli UI - D042161 MN - B3.440.400.425.700.800.600 MN - B3.660.50.730.670.600 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria functioning as a nitrogen inoculum for dry beans, especially species in the genus PHASEOLUS. HN - 2004 MH - Rhizobium tropici UI - D042162 MN - B3.440.400.425.700.800.800 MN - B3.660.50.730.670.800 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria and an nitrogen inoculum that displays a high intrinsic tolerance to acidity. HN - 2004 MH - Rhizophoraceae UI - D043982 MN - B6.388.100.841 MS - A plant family of the order Rhizophorales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, that includes mangrove trees. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Bruguiera BX - Cassipourea BX - Ceriops BX - Kandelia BX - Mangrove, American BX - Mangrove, Red BX - Rhizophora BX - Rhizophora mangle MH - Rhodobacteraceae UI - D041902 MN - B3.660.50.750 MS - A family in the order Rhodobacterales, class ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA. HN - 2004 MH - Rhodocyclaceae UI - D043362 MN - B3.660.75.655 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Rhodocyclales, class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA. It includes many genera previously assigned to the family PSEUDOMONADACEAE. HN - 2004 BX - Rhodocyclus MH - Rhodospirillum centenum UI - D042182 MN - B3.440.400.425.708.733.150 MN - B3.660.50.760.733.150 MS - A thermotolerant, cyst-forming, anoxygenic photosynthetic species, in the genus RHODOSPIRILLUM. HN - 2004 MH - Rhodothermus UI - D045245 MN - B3.140.750 MN - B3.440.400.425.710 MS - A genus of obligately aerobic, thermophilic, gram-negative bacteria in the family Crenotrichaceae. They were isolated from submarine alkaline HOT SPRINGS in Iceland. HN - 2004 MH - Rhodovulum UI - D041903 MN - B3.440.646 MN - B3.660.50.750.725 MS - A genus of facultatively or obligately anaerobic marine phototrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE. HN - 2004 MH - Ribonuclease III UI - D043244 MN - D8.811.277.352.700.350.707 MS - An endoribonuclease that is specific for double-stranded RNA. It plays a role in POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL RNA PROCESSING of pre-RIBOSOMAL RNA and a variety of other RNA structures that contain double-stranded regions. HN - 2004; use RIBONUCLEASE III (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Ribonuclease P UI - D043262 MN - D8.811.277.352.700.350.711 MN - D8.811.797.500 MN - D12.776.157.725.500.625 MN - D12.776.664.962.500.625 MS - An RNA-containing enzyme that plays an essential role in tRNA processing by catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of TRANSFER RNA precursors. It removes the extra 5'-nucleotides from tRNA precursors to generate mature tRNA molecules. HN - 2004; use RIBONUCLEASE P (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Ribonuclease P, RNA Catalytic Subunit MH - Rivers UI - D045483 MN - G3.230.700.250.500 MS - Large natural streams of FRESH WATER formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean). HN - 2004 MH - RNA, Ribosomal, Self-Splicing UI - D044563 MN - D8.811.797.750 MN - D8.811.913.696.445.735.917 MN - D13.444.735.686.845 MS - Components of ribosomal RNA that undergo auto-catalyzed molecular rearrangements of their RNA sequence. HN - 2004; use RNA, CATALYTIC 1991-2003 MH - Roseobacter UI - D041904 MN - B3.440.680 MN - B3.660.50.750.750 MS - A genus of obligately aerobic marine phototrophic and chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE. HN - 2004 MH - Rotarod Performance Test UI - D045442 MN - E5.17.449 MS - A performance test based on forced MOTOR ACTIVITY on a rotating rod, usually by a rodent. Parameters include the riding time (seconds) or endurance. Test is used to evaluate balance and coordination of the subjects, particular in experimental animal models for neurological disorders and drug effects. HN - 2004 MH - Rotaxanes UI - D043862 MN - D2.825 MS - Complex compounds in which a dumbbell shaped molecule is encircled by a macrocycle. They are named after rota (wheel) and axis (axle). Notation with a prefix is used to indicate the number of interlocked components. They have potential use in NANOTECHNOLOGY. Rotaxanes have been made with CYCLODEXTRINS and CYCLIC ETHERS. AN - coord with specific Cat D chemical structure term if pertinent; TAXANES is also available HN - 2004 BX - Polyrotaxanes BX - Pseudorotaxanes FX - Catenanes MH - Rubia UI - D045470 MN - B6.388.100.850.876 MS - A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. The root is a source of red dyes (madder color and 1,2,4-trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione) and ANTHRAQUINONES. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Ruminococcus UI - D045857 MN - B3.510.400.687 MS - A genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family Lachnospiraceae that inhabits the RUMEN; LARGE INTESTINE; and CECUM of MAMMALS. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins UI - D044786 MN - D12.776.157.743 MS - A family of structurally-related proteins that were orginally identified by their ability to complex with cyclin proteins (CYCLINS). They share a common domain that binds specifically to F-BOX MOTIFS. They take part in SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, where they can bind to a variety of F-BOX PROTEINS. HN - 2004; use S-PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEINS (NM) 1983-2003; for P19(SKP1)PROTEIN and P45(SKP) PROTEIN use S-PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEINS (NM) 1995-2003; for P45(SKP) use UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES (NM) 1999-2003 MH - Saprolegnia UI - D044762 MN - B2.650.825 MS - A genus of ALGAE in the family Saprolegniaceae. It is a parasite and pathogen of freshwater FISHES. AN - infection: coord IM with INFECTION (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Sargassum UI - D044647 MN - B2.50.725 MS - One of the largest genera of BROWN ALGAE, comprised of more than 150 species found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of both hemispheres. Some species are attached (benthic) but most float in the open sea (pelagic). Sargassum provides a critical habitat for hundreds of species of FISHES; TURTLES; and INVERTEBRATES. HN - 2004 MH - SARS Virus UI - D045473 MN - B4.820.504.540.150.750 MN - B4.909.777.500.540.150.750 MS - A species of CORONAVIRUS causing atypical respiratory disease (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. AN - infection = SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; do not confuse SARS with SAR used for STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP, or with Scaffold Attachment Regions see MATRIX ATTACHMENT REGIONS. HN - 2003 BX - SARS-Associated Coronavirus BX - SARS-CoV BX - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus MH - Scenedesmus UI - D044444 MN - B2.80.800 MS - A genus of GREEN ALGAE in the family Scenedesmaceae. It forms colonies of usually four or eight cylindrical cells that are widely distributed in freshwater and SOIL. HN - 2004; use ALGAE, GREEN 1998-2003 MH - Scleroderma, Diffuse UI - D045743 MN - C17.300.799.602 MN - C17.800.784.602 MS - A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability. HN - 2004; use SCLERODERMA, SYSTEMIC 1975-2003 MH - Scleroderma, Limited UI - D045745 MN - C17.300.799.801 MN - C17.800.784.801 MS - The least progressive form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with skin thickening restricted to the FACE; NECK; and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. The CREST SYNDROME is a form of limited scleroderma. AN - do not confuse with SCLERODERMA, LOCALIZED HN - 2004 MH - Serratia liquefaciens UI - D044090 MN - B3.440.450.425.814.620 MN - B3.660.250.150.720.480 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus SERRATIA found in plants and the DIGESTIVE TRACT of rodents. It is the most prevalent Serratia species in the natural environment. AN - infection: coord IM with SERRATIA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Serum UI - D044967 MN - A12.207.152.846 MN - A15.145.846 MS - The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins. HN - 2004 FX - Plasma MH - Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane UI - D045787 MN - D2.455.849.765.775 MS - SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the ARTEMISININS. HN - 2004 MH - Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane UI - D045788 MN - D2.455.849.765.787 MS - SESQUITERPENES cyclized to one 10-carbon ring. HN - 2004 MH - Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane UI - D045789 MN - D2.455.849.765.793 MS - SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining rings, one being 7-carbons and the other is 5-carbons. HN - 2004 MH - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome UI - D045169 MN - C2.782.600.550.200.750 MN - C8.730.730 MS - A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent. AN - do not confuse with RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN or RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; do not confuse abbreviation, SARS, with SAR used for STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP or scaffold attachment regions (genetics) use BASE SEQUENCE. HN - 2003 BX - Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Acute MH - Sexology UI - D044347 MN - F4.96.837 MS - This discipline concerns the study of SEXUALITY, and the application of sexual knowledge such as sexual attitudes, psychology, and SEXUAL BEHAVIOR. Scope of application generally includes educational (SEX EDUCATION), clinical (SEX COUNSELING), and other settings. HN - 2004; use SEX 1991-2003 MH - Simian virus 5 UI - D045402 MN - B4.820.455.600.650.750.800 MN - B4.909.777.455.600.650.750.800 MS - A species of RUBULAVIRUS originally isolated from cultured primary monkey cells. Its natural host is the DOG in which it causes kennel cough, but it can also infect humans. AN - infection: coord IM with RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Sinorhizobium fredii UI - D042181 MN - B3.440.400.425.700.887.249 MN - B3.660.50.730.835.399 MS - A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is a fast-growing and soybean-nodulating innoculant. HN - 2004 MH - SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases UI - D044843 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.750 MS - A subset of ubiquitin protein ligases that are formed by the association of a SKP DOMAIN PROTEIN, a CULLIN DOMAIN PROTEIN and a F-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN. HN - 2004; use SKP CULLIN F-BOX LIGASES (NM) 1999-2003 BX - SCF Ubiquitin Ligase FX - Cullin Proteins FX - F-Box Proteins FX - S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins MH - Sorghum UI - D045868 MN - B6.388.100.822.894 MS - A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The grain is used for FOOD and for ANIMAL FEED. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KEFIR milk product. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 MH - Soy Foods UI - D045730 MN - J2.500.850.500.700.500 MS - Foods made from SOYBEANS. Health benefits are ascribed to the high levels of DIETARY PROTEINS and ISOFLAVONES. HN - 2004 BX - Soy Sauce BX - Texturized Soy Protein BX - Tofu MH - Soy Milk UI - D041942 MN - J2.200.712.500 MN - J2.500.850.500.700.500.500 MS - A beverage prepared from SOYBEANS. HN - 2004 BX - Milk, Soy MH - Sphaerotilus UI - D042744 MN - B3.440.400.425.292.750 MN - B3.660.75.102.750 MS - A genus of gram-negative, sheathed, rod-shaped bacteria in the family COMAMONADACEAE. They are closely related to LEPTOTHRIX. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Sphagnopsida UI - D044003 MN - B6.388.137.750 MS - A class of BRYOPHYTA which is best known for Sphagnum forming PEAT bogs. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004; for SPHAGNUM use BRYOPSIDA 1996-2003, use PLANTS 1986-1995 BX - Moss, Sphagnum BX - Mosses, Peat BX - Sphagnum MH - Sphingobacterium UI - D045249 MN - B3.140.800 MN - B3.440.400.425.745 MS - A genus of gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the family Sphingobacteriaceae. They lack FLAGELLA but some species exhibit gliding motility. HN - 2004 MH - Sphingomonadaceae UI - D042301 MN - B3.660.50.800 MS - A family of gram-negative, asporogenous rods or ovoid cells, aerobic or facultative anaerobic chemoorganotrophs. They are commonly isolated from SOIL, activated sludge, or marine environments. HN - 2004 BX - Erythrobacter MH - Spirillaceae UI - D043167 MN - B3.440.840 MN - B3.660.75.710 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Nitrosomonadales. It formerly included the genera CAMPYLOBACTER and SPIRILLUM, then was abandoned, and is now reinstated as a family with a single genus SPIRILLUM. HN - 2004, 1975-1991; use BACTERIA 1992-2003 MH - Spiroplasma citri UI - D045642 MN - B3.440.560.895.625.500 MS - The type species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus SPIROPLASMA, family SPIROPLASMATACEAE, causing citrus stubborn disease. HN - 2004 MH - Steatorrhea UI - D045602 MN - C6.405.469.637.887 MN - C18.452.603.887 MS - A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS. HN - 2004; use CELIAC DISEASE 1975-2003 MH - Stemonaceae UI - D041901 MN - B6.388.100.910 MS - A small plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2004 BX - Croomia BX - Stemona BX - Stichoneuron MH - Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors UI - D043202 MN - C16.320.565.925 MN - C18.452.648.925 MS - Errors in metabolic processing of STEROIDS resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. AN - coord IM with specific steriod/metab (IM); HN - 2004 MH - Steryl-Sulfatase UI - D043266 MN - D8.811.277.352.827.70.625 MS - An arylsulfatase with high specifity towards sulfated steroids. Defects in this enzyme are the cause of ICHTHYOSIS, X-LINKED. HN - 2004; use STERYL-SULFATASE (NM) 1980-2003 MH - Succinivibrionaceae UI - D044063 MN - B3.440.425.410.722 MN - B3.660.250.740 MS - A family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the RUMEN of SHEEP and CATTLE and from human FECES. They are chemoorganotrophic and strictly anaerobic. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Swiss 3T3 Cells UI - D041701 MN - A11.251.210.700.775 MN - A11.329.228.900.775 MS - A cell line established in 1962 from disaggregated Swiss albino mouse embryos. This fibroblast cell line is extremely popular in research. AN - almost always NIM with no subheadings; check ANIMAL & MICE; do not routinely add FIBROBLASTS or EMBRYO HN - 2004 MH - Taxoids UI - D043823 MN - D2.455.426.392.368.242.888 MN - D2.455.849.291.850 MS - A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. AN - ROTAXANES is also available HN - 2004 BX - Taxanes MH - Taylorella UI - D042502 MN - B3.440.400.425.117.800 MN - B3.660.75.27.800 MS - A genus of chemoorganotrophic, gram negative rods, in the family ALCALIGENACEAE. They are pathogenic parasites of HORSES. AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Testosterone Congeners UI - D045165 MN - D6.472.334.851.968 MS - Steroidal compounds related to TESTOSTERONE, the major mammalian male sex hormone. Testosterone congeners include important testosterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with androgenic activities. AN - GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Testosterone Propionate UI - D043343 MN - D4.808.54.79.429.824.832 MN - D6.472.334.851.968.984.750 MS - An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position. HN - 2004; use TESTOSTERONE 1977-2003 MH - Tetrahydroisoquinolines UI - D044005 MN - D3.438.531.820 MS - A group of ISOQUINOLINES in which the nitrogen containing ring is protonated. They derive from the non-enzymatic Pictet-Spengler condensation of CATECHOLAMINES with ALDEHYDES. HN - 2004 MH - Tetralones UI - D044024 MN - D4.615.638.960.837 MS - A group of TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENES containing a keto oxygen. HN - 2004 MH - Tetraoxanes UI - D045568 MN - D2.737.912 MS - Compounds with two peroxide groups, that is, two pairs of adjacent OXYGEN atoms. They may have activity against PLASMODIUM similar to the ARTEMISININS. AN - coord with appropriate specific chemical terms if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - Tetrapyrroles UI - D045725 MN - D3.383.757.840 MN - D3.549.909 MS - Four PYRROLES joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one to position 5 of the next. The conjugated bond system results in PIGMENTATION. HN - 2004; use TETRAPYRROLES (NM) 1978-2003 MH - Therapeutic Uses UI - D045506 MN - D27.505.954 MS - Uses of chemicals which affect the course of conditions, diseases, syndromes or pathology to benefit the health of an individual. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2004 MH - Thermofilaceae UI - D041561 MN - B7.75.800.780 MS - A family of THERMOPROTEALES consisting of anaerobic, thermoacidophilic thin rods found in solfataric hot springs. HN - 2004; for THERMOFILUM use THERMOPROTEALES 1998-2003 BX - Thermofilum MH - Thermoproteus UI - D041542 MN - B7.75.800.800.800 MS - A genus of obligately anaerobic ARCHAEA, in the family THERMOPROTEACEAE. They are found in acidic hot springs and water holes. HN - 2004; use THERMOPROTEACEAE 1998-2003 MH - Thiazolidinediones UI - D045162 MN - D3.383.871.933 MS - THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). HN - 2004 MH - Thiotrichaceae UI - D041962 MN - B3.440.400.645 MN - B3.660.250.770 MS - A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA. HN - 2004 BX - Beggiatoa BX - Thiothrix MH - Thymine DNA Glycosylase UI - D044502 MN - D8.811.74.249.750 MN - D8.811.277.450.737.99.750 MS - An enzyme that removes THYMINE and URACIL bases mispaired with GUANINE through hydrolysis of their N-glycosidic bond. These mispaired nucleotides generally occur through the hydrolytic DEAMINATION of 5-METHYLCYTOSINE to thymine. HN - 2004; use THYMINE DNA GLYCOSYLASE (NM) 1991-2003 MH - Tomography, Optical UI - D041622 MN - E1.370.350.825.805 MS - Projection of near-IR light (INFRARED RAYS), in the 700-1000 nm region, across an object in parallel beams to an array of sensitive photodetectors. This is repeated at various angles and a mathematical reconstruction provides three dimensional MEDICAL IMAGING of tissues. Based on the relative transparency of tissues to this spectra, it has been used to monitor local oxygenation, brain and joints. HN - 2004 MH - Tomography, Optical Coherence UI - D041623 MN - E1.370.350.825.805.500 MS - An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes. HN - 2004 MH - Toxicogenetics UI - D043922 MN - G1.273.343.750.850 MN - G1.703.52.850 MN - G1.703.795.850 MN - G2.628.479.850 MN - G2.628.795.850 MN - H1.158.273.343.750.850 MN - H1.158.703.52.850 MN - H1.158.703.795.850 MS - The study of existing genetic knowledge, and the generation of new genetic data, to understand and thus avoid DRUG TOXICITY and adverse effects from toxic substances from the environment. AN - SPEC or GEN; prefer specific drug or toxic substance and specific genetic aspect HN - 2004; use PHARMACOGENETICS 2003; for TOXICOGENOMICS use PHARMACOGENETICS 2003 BX - Toxicogenomics MH - Trans Fatty Acids UI - D044242 MN - D10.251.355.920 MS - UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater bond angle than the cis configuration. This results in a more extended fatty acid chain similar to SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, with closer packing and reduced fluidity. HYDROGENATION of unsaturated fatty acids increases the trans content. AN - coord with specific fatty acid if pertinent HN - 2004 FX - Linoleic Acids, Conjugated MH - Transition Temperature UI - D044366 MN - H1.671.868.850 MS - The temperature at which a substance changes from one of the three states of matter to another. HN - 2004 FX - Calorimetry FX - Crystallization FX - Phase Transition MH - Transposon Resolvases UI - D045564 MN - D8.811.739.800 MN - D8.811.913.696.445.837 MS - Recombinases that involved in the propagation of DNA TRANSPOSONS. They bind to transposon sequences found at two different sites along the same stretch of DNA and bring them into close proximity. The enzymes then catalyze the double strand cleavage, exchange of double strands and rejoining of DNA helices so that the DNA transposon is formed into a circular PLASMID. AN - Don't confuse with HOLLIDAY JUNCTION RESOLVASES HN - 2004 BX - Resolvases, Transposon MH - Ubiquitin Thiolesterase UI - D043222 MN - D8.811.277.352.897.850 MS - A thioester hyrdolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN. HN - 2004; use UBIQUITIN THIOLESTERASE (NM) 1983-2003 MH - Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes UI - D044764 MN - D8.811.464.938.249 MS - A class of enzymes that catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of a thioester bond between itself and UBIQUITIN. It then transfers the activated ubiquitin to one of the UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES. HN - 2004; use UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES (NM) 1983-2003 MH - Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes UI - D044763 MN - D8.811.464.938.500 MS - A class of enzymes that form a thioester bond to UBIQUITIN with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES. They transfer ubiquitin to the LYSINE of a substrate protein with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES. HN - 2004; use UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES (NM) 1990-2003 MH - Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes UI - D043743 MN - D8.811.464.938 MS - Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES). AN - UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES is also available HN - 2004 MH - Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases UI - D044767 MN - D8.811.464.938.750 MS - A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes. AN - UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE COMPLEXES is also available HN - 2004; use UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE (NM) 1983-2003 BX - Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase MH - Ulva UI - D044445 MN - B2.80.900 MS - A genus of GREEN ALGAE in the family Ulvaceae. Commonly know as sea lettuces, they grow attached to rocks and KELP in marine and estuarine waters. HN - 2004; use ALGAE, GREEN 2000-2003 BX - Sea Lettuces MH - Undaria UI - D044648 MN - B2.50.800 MS - A genus of BROWN ALGAE, in the family Alariaceae, native to Japan, Korea, and China. The edible SEAWEED Undaria pinnatifida is also called wakame. HN - 2004 BX - Wakame MH - Upper Gastrointestinal Tract UI - D041742 MN - A3.556.875 MS - The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the ESOPHAGUS; the STOMACH; and the DUODENUM. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - Vaginal Douching UI - D044364 MN - E5.510.852 MS - The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution. AN - for postcoital douching use CONTRACEPTION, POSTCOITAL and VAGINAL DOUCHING HN - 2004 MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A UI - D042461 MN - D11.303.553.311.800.200 MN - D12.644.276.100.800.200 MN - D12.776.467.100.800.200 MS - The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A (NM) 2000-2002 BX - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor BX - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B UI - D042561 MN - D11.303.553.311.800.300 MN - D12.644.276.100.800.300 MN - D12.776.467.100.800.300 MS - A vascular endothelial growth factor found expressed in a variety of tissues. It binds with high specificity to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-1 and NEUROPILIN-1. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR B (NM) 1996-2003 MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C UI - D042582 MN - D11.303.553.311.800.400 MN - D12.644.276.100.800.400 MN - D12.776.467.100.800.400 MS - A vascular endothelial growth factor that specifically binds to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-2 and VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-3. In addition to being an angiogenic factor it can act on LYMPHATIC VESSELS to stimulate LYMPHANGIOGENESIS. It is similar in structure to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR D in that they both contain N- and C-terminal extensions that were not found in other VEGF family members. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR C (NM) 1996-2003 MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D UI - D042643 MN - D11.303.553.311.800.500 MN - D12.644.276.100.800.500 MN - D12.776.467.100.800.500 MS - A vascular endothelial growth factor that specifically binds to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-2 and VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-3. In addition to being an angiogenic factor it can act on LYMPHATIC VESSELS to stimulate LYMPHANGIOGENESIS. It is similar in structure to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR C in that they both contain N- and C-terminal extensions that were not found in other VEGF family members. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2004; use VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR D (NM) 1997-2003 MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived UI - D042662 MN - D11.303.553.311.800.100 MN - D12.644.276.100.800.100 MN - D12.776.467.100.800.100 MS - A vascular endothelial growth factor whose expression is found largely restricted to the GONADS; ADRENAL CORTEX; and PLACENTA. It has similar biological activity to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR-A. HN - 2004; use VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, ENDOCRINE-GLAND-DERIVED (NM) 2001-2002 BX - Endocrine-Gland-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors UI - D042442 MN - D11.303.553.311.800 MN - D12.644.276.100.800 MN - D12.776.467.100.800 MS - A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells. AN - GEN; prefer specifics HN - 2004 MH - VDJ Recombinases UI - D045567 MN - D8.811.739.900 MN - D8.811.913.696.445.950 MS - Recombinases involved in the rearrangement of immunity-related GENES such as IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES and T-CELL RECEPTOR GENES. HN - 2004; use VDJ RECOMBINASES (NM) 1986-2003 BX - Immunoglobulin Recombinases BX - VDJ Recombinase FX - Gene Rearrangement MH - Vibrio alginolyticus UI - D044149 MN - B3.440.450.900.859.30 MN - B3.660.250.830.830.30 MS - A species of gram-negative, halophilic bacteria, in the genus VIBRIO. It is considered part of normal marine flora and commonly associated with ear infections and superficial wounds exposed to contaminated water sources. AN - infection: coord IM with VIBRIO INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Vibrio cholerae non-O1 UI - D044163 MN - B3.440.450.900.859.225.75 MN - B3.660.250.830.830.100.75 MS - A strain of the VIBRIO CHOLERAE bacteria belonging to serogroup non-O1, infecting humans and other PRIMATES. It is related to VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1, but causes a disease less severe than CHOLERA. Eating raw shellfish contaminated with the bacteria results in GASTROENTERITIS. AN - infection: coord IM with VIBRIO INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004 MH - Vibrio mimicus UI - D044164 MN - B3.440.450.900.859.500 MN - B3.660.250.830.830.500 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus VIBRIO, isolated from SHELLFISH, as well as from human diarrheal stools and ear infections. HN - 2004 MH - Vibrio salmonicida UI - D044165 MN - B3.440.450.900.859.745 MN - B3.660.250.830.830.745 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus VIBRIO, the causative agent of cold water vibriosis, a HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA of ATLANTIC SALMON. AN - infection: coord IM with VIBRIO INFECTIONS (IM) + HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA (IM) if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - Volvox UI - D044446 MN - B2.80.950 MS - A genus of GREEN ALGAE in the family Volvocaceae. They form spherical colonies of hundreds or thousands of bi-flagellated cells in a semi-transparent gelatinous ball. HN - 2004; use ALGAE, GREEN 1998-2003 MH - Wigglesworthia UI - D044106 MN - B3.440.450.425.887 MN - B3.660.250.150.880 MS - A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. They exist only as primary endosymbionts of five species of TSETSE FLIES, found in specialized organelles called mycetomes. The bacteria supply crucial B vitamins (VITAMIN B COMPLEX) which the flies require for fertility. HN - 2004 MH - Xanthomonadaceae UI - D044166 MN - B3.440.400.425.967 MN - B3.660.250.915 MS - A family of gram-negative bacteria, in the order Xanthomonadales, pathogenic to plants. HN - 2004 BX - Lysobacter MH - Xanthomonas vesicatoria UI - D044184 MN - B3.440.400.425.967.930.850 MN - B3.660.250.915.930.850 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria, in the genus XANTHOMONAS, causing disease in TOMATO and pepper crops. HN - 2004 MH - Xanthones UI - D044004 MN - D3.494.953.852 MS - A group of XANTHENES that contain a 9-keto OXYGEN. HN - 2004 MH - Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase UI - D043325 MN - D8.811.277.450.950.500 MS - A xylosidase that catalyses the random hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-D-xylans. HN - 2004; use XYLAN ENDO-1,3-BETA-XYLOSIDASE (NM) 1980-2003 BX - Endo-1,3-beta-Xylanase FX - Xylans MH - Xylella UI - D044167 MN - B3.440.400.425.967.950 MN - B3.660.250.915.950 MS - A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, in the family XANTHOMONADACEAE. It is found in the xylem of plant tissue. HN - 2004 MH - Yersinia rucker UI - D044124 MN - B3.440.450.425.900.650 MN - B3.660.250.150.950.650 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria responsible for red mouth disease in rainbow trout (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS). The bacteria is a natural component of fresh water ecosystems in the United States and Canada. AN - infection: coord IM with YERSINIA INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2004