NEW (2012) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 9/8/2011) TOTAL 2012 NEW DESCRIPTORS = 454 MH - Abnormal Karyotype UI - D059786 MN - C23.550.210.24 MN - G5.360.162.679.500 MN - G5.365.590.175.24 MS - A variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species. HN - 2012; use CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS 2002-2011 BX - Karyotype, Abnormal MH - Accessory Nerve Injuries UI - D061227 MN - C10.292.175.500 MN - C10.292.262.350 MN - C10.900.300.218.225 MN - C26.260.237.243 MN - C26.915.300.400.200 MS - Traumatic injuries to the ACCESSORY NERVE. Damage to the nerve may produce weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation. HN - 2012 MH - Accountable Care Organizations UI - D060866 MN - N5.300.380.500 MS - Organizations of health care providers that agree to be accountable for the quality, cost, and overall care of Medicare beneficiaries who are enrolled in the traditional fee-for-service program who are assigned to it. Assigned means those beneficiaries for whom the professionals in the organization provide the bulk of primary care services. (www.cms.gov/OfficeofLegislation/Downloads/Accountable CareOrganization.pdf accessed 03/16/2011) HN - 2012 BX - Accountable Care Organization MH - Acidobacteria UI - D061271 MN - B3.26 MN - B3.440.400.50 MS - A physiologically diverse phylum of acidophilic, gram-negative bacteria found in a wide variety of habitats, but particularly abundant in soils and sediments. HN - 2012 MH - Acinar Cells UI - D061354 MN - A11.31 MS - Cells lining the saclike dilatations known as acini of various glands or the lungs. HN - 2012 MH - Acute Pain UI - D059787 MN - C10.597.617.88 MN - C23.888.646.115 MS - Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing. HN - 2012 FX - Chronic Pain MH - Administration, Metronomic UI - D059250 MN - E2.319.283.199 MS - Administration of low doses of a drug or a drug combination over prolonged periods of time usually at a regular interval. AN - coordinate with specific drug / admin HN - 2012 FX - Drug Chronotherapy FX - Maintenance Chemotherapy MH - Administration, Ophthalmic UI - D060433 MN - E2.319.267.120.805 MN - E2.319.267.639 MS - Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the eye ball. HN - 2012 BX - Ocular Administration FX - Injections, Intraocular MH - Adrenergic Neurons UI - D059331 MN - A8.663.766 MN - A11.671.761 MS - Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE. AN - ADRENERGIC FIBERS is also available HN - 2012 BX - Noradrenergic Neurons FX - Adrenergic Fibers MH - Agatoxins UI - D060848 MN - D12.776.92.249 MN - D20.888.65.870.324 MN - D23.946.833.65.870.324 MS - A class of polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of spiders such as Agelenopsis aperta. HN - 2012 MH - Agenesis of Corpus Callosum UI - D061085 MN - C10.500.34 MN - C16.131.666.34 MN - C23.300.08 MS - Birth defect that results in a partial or complete absence of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. It may be isolated or a part of a syndrome (e.g., AICARDI'S SYNDROME; ACROCALLOSAL SYNDROME; ANDERMANN SYNDROME; and HOLOPROSENCEPHALY). Clinical manifestations include neuromotor skill impairment and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY of variable severity. HN - 2012; for Absence of Corpus Callosum use Acrocallosal Syndrome 2009-2011; for Agenesis of Corpus Callosum use Aicardi Syndrome 2011 BX - Absence of Corpus Callosum BX - Corpus Callosum Agenesis MH - Agricultural Inoculants UI - D059827 MN - B1.300.53 MN - B3.54 MS - Beneficial microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) encapsulated in carrier material and applied to the environment for remediation and enhancement of agricultural productivity. HN - 2012 BX - Microbial Inoculants FX - Agriculture FX - Environmental Remediation FX - Growth Substances MH - Agrobacterium UI - D060054 MN - B3.440.400.425.700.24 MN - B3.660.50.730.24 MS - A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud. HN - 2012, 1963-2003; use RHIZOBIUM 1963-2011 MH - Airway Extubation UI - D060666 MN - E2.41.249 MN - E5.08 MS - Removal of an endotracheal tube from the patient. HN - 2012 MH - Aliivibrio UI - D059706 MN - B3.440.450.900.50 MN - B3.660.250.830.50 MS - A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family VIBRIONACEAE. They are found in the marine environment often associated with animals. AN - infection = ALIIVIBRIO INFECTIONS HN - 2012 MH - Aliivibrio Infections UI - D059707 MN - C1.252.400.50 MS - Infections with bacteria of the genus ALIIVIBRIO. HN - 2012 MH - alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein UI - D060749 MN - D12.776.124.790.106.304.500 MN - D12.776.157.125.283.500 MN - D12.776.215.625.500 MN - D12.776.377.715.85.304.500 MN - D12.776.395.86 MS - A fetuin subtype that is synthesized by HEPATOCYTES and secreted into the circulation. It plays a major role in preventing CALCIUM precipitation in the BLOOD. HN - 2012(1981) BX - alpha2 Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein MH - Alternariosis UI - D060487 MN - C1.703.513.124 MS - Opportunistic fungal infection by a member of ALTERNARIA genus. HN - 2012 BX - Cutaneous Alternariosis MH - Amish UI - D061365 MN - M1.686.754.133 MS - An ethnic group with shared religious beliefs. Originating in Switzerland in the late 1600s, and first migrating to the mid-Atlantic, they now live throughout Eastern and Mid-Western United States and elsewhere. Communities are usually close-knit and marriage is within the community. HN - 2012 MH - Analgesics, Short-Acting UI - D059846 MN - D27.505.696.663.850.14.580 MN - D27.505.954.427.40.381 MS - Pain-alleviating drugs characterized by rapid action time. HN - 2012 MH - Anatomic Landmarks UI - D059925 MN - A1.111 MS - Reference points located by visual inspection, palpation, or computer assistance, that are useful in localizing structures on or within the human body. HN - 2012 FX - Fiducial Markers MH - Angina, Stable UI - D060050 MN - C14.280.647.187.362 MN - C14.907.585.187.362 MN - C23.888.646.215.500.575 MS - Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. HN - 2012 BX - Chronic Stable Angina MH - Anhedonia UI - D059445 MN - C10.597.606.57 MN - C23.888.592.604.39 MN - F1.700.39 MS - Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA). HN - 2012 MH - Animal Shells UI - D060105 MN - A13.79 MS - The hard rigid covering of animals including MOLLUSCS; TURTLES; INSECTS; and crustaceans. AN - EGG SHELL is also available HN - 2012 FX - Shellfish MH - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction UI - D059549 MN - E2.718.50 MN - E4.555.85 MN - E4.555.110.26 MN - E4.680.51 MS - Rebuilding of the ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT to restore functional stability of the knee. AUTOGRAFTING or ALLOGRAFTING of tissues is often used. HN - 2012 MH - Anthropology, Medical UI - D060432 MN - F4.96.879.201.500 MN - I1.76.284 MS - FIeld of social science that is concerned with differences between human groups as related to health status and beliefs. AN - IM as the discipline (education, history, etc) only; NIM with no qualifiers as a coordinate HN - 2012 BX - Medical Anthropology MH - Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis UI - D060426 MN - C4.588.614.550.112 MN - C4.730.856.112 MN - C10.228.140.430.124 MN - C10.574.781.249 MN - C20.111.258.124 MS - Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies. HN - 2012 MH - Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized UI - D061067 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.114.224.60 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.114.224.60 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.114.224.200 MS - Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab. HN - 2012 BX - Antibodies, Humanized MH - Antigens, CD151 UI - D060185 MN - D12.776.543.982.251 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.251 MN - D23.101.100.110.251 MS - Tetraspanin proteins found associated with LAMININ-binding INTEGRINS. The CD151 antigens may play a role in the regulation of CELL MOTILITY. HN - 2012(1996) MH - Antigens, CD274 UI - D060890 MN - D12.776.467.150.300 MN - D12.776.543.95.300 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.276.300 MN - D23.50.301.285.400 MN - D23.101.100.110.276.300 MN - D23.529.168.300 MS - An inhibitory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 PROTEIN. CD274 antigen provides negative signals that control and inhibit T-cell responses and is found at higher than normal levels on tumor cells, suggesting its potential role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION. HN - 2012 BX - Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 Protein MH - Antigens, CD53 UI - D060265 MN - D12.776.543.982.153 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.153 MN - D23.101.100.110.106 MS - Tetraspanin proteins found at high levels in cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage. CD53 antigens may be involved regulating the differentiation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and the activation of B-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2012(1987) MH - Antigens, CD63 UI - D060149 MN - D12.776.395.550.550.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.527.249 MN - D12.776.543.982.163 MN - D12.776.543.990.24 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.163 MN - D23.101.100.110.163 MS - Ubiquitously-expressed tetraspanin proteins that are found in late ENDOSOMES and LYSOSOMES and have been implicated in intracellular transport of proteins. AN - note CD63 antigen may be referred to in the literature as "lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3" however they are separate and distinct proteins HN - 2012(1990) MH - Antigens, CD81 UI - D060225 MN - D12.776.543.982.181 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.181 MN - D23.101.100.110.181 MS - Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2012(1990) MH - Antigens, CD9 UI - D060245 MN - D12.776.395.550.18 MN - D12.776.543.550.90 MN - D12.776.543.982.109 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.109 MN - D23.101.100.110.110 MS - A subtype of tetraspanin proteins that play a role in cell adhesion, cell motility, and tumor metastasis. CD9 antigens take part in the process of platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of paranodal junctions in neuronal tissue, and the fusion of sperm with egg. HN - 2012(1988) MH - Apomixis UI - D060832 MN - G8.686.785.760.830.249 MN - G15.744.74 MS - Asexual reproduction resulting in the formation of viable seeds from FLOWERS without fertlization (i.e. use of POLLEN). Progeny plants produced from apomictic seeds are perfect clones of the parent. HN - 2012 MH - Argonaute Proteins UI - D060565 MN - D8.811.277.352.355.350.810.500 MN - D8.811.277.352.700.350.810.500 MN - D12.776.157.725.500.906.500 MN - D12.776.664.962.500.906.500 MS - A family of RNA-binding proteins that has specificity for MICRORNAS and SMALL INTERFERING RNA molecules. The proteins take part in RNA processing events as core components of RNA-induced silencing complex. HN - 2012 MH - Arthropod Proteins UI - D060829 MN - D12.776.92 MS - Proteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum ARTHROPODA. Included in this heading are proteins from the subdivisions ARACHNIDA; CRUSTACEA; and HORSESHOE CRABS. Note that a separate heading for INSECT PROTEINS is listed under this heading. HN - 2012 MH - Artificial Lens Implant Migration UI - D060437 MN - C11.510.174 MN - C26.392.500.249 MS - The shifting and or tilting of implanted artificial lens resulting in impaired vision. HN - 2012 MH - Ascorbate Peroxidases UI - D060387 MN - D8.811.682.732.165 MS - Peroxidases that utilize ASCORBIC ACID as an electron donor to reduce HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to WATER. The reaction results in the production of monodehydroascorbic acid and DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID. HN - 2012(1980) MH - Asthma, Occupational UI - D059366 MN - C8.127.108.495 MN - C8.674.95.495 MN - C20.543.480.680.95.495 MN - C24.102 MS - Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE. HN - 2012 MH - Asymmetric Cell Division UI - D060049 MN - G4.299.134.220.109 MN - G4.299.151.224 MN - G4.299.233.750.500.249 MN - G5.355.105.109 MN - G7.700.320.249.410.750.500.500 MS - Unequal cell division that results in daughter cells of different sizes. HN - 2012 BX - Asymmetric Stem Cell Division MH - Atrophic Vaginitis UI - D059268 MN - C13.351.500.894.906.316 MS - Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE. HN - 2012 MH - Axenic Culture UI - D061245 MN - E1.370.225.875.74 MN - E5.200.875.74 MN - E5.240.124 MS - Culture of an isolated organism free from any other associating or comtaminating organisms. HN - 2012 FX - Germ-Free Life MH - Axin Protein UI - D060466 MN - D5.500.117.500 MN - D12.776.476.81.500 MS - A scaffolding protein that is a critical component of the axin signaling complex which binds to ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI PROTEIN; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; and CASEIN KINASE I. HN - 2012(1997) BX - Axin Proteins MH - Axin Signaling Complex UI - D060465 MN - D5.500.117 MN - D12.776.476.81 MS - A specific complex of WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY proteins that mediates the phosphorylation-dependent destruction of cytosolic BETA-CATENIN. The complex is disrupted by cell surface binding of WNT PROTEINS, which allows beta-catenin levels to rise to the point where they migrate to the CELL NUCLEUS and activate transcription. HN - 2012 BX - Axin Signaling Complex Proteins MH - B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory UI - D060151 MN - A11.63.438.450.300 MN - A11.118.637.555.567.550.450.300 MN - A11.118.637.555.567.562.450.300 MN - A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.450.300 MN - A15.145.229.637.555.567.562.450.300 MN - A15.382.32.438.450.300 MN - A15.382.490.555.567.562.450.300 MS - B-cells that have a role in regulating the immune response including the production of CYTOKINES. This function is in addition to their traditional role in making antibodies. HN - 2012 MH - B7 Antigens UI - D060887 MN - D12.776.467.150 MN - D12.776.543.95 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.276 MN - D23.50.301.285 MN - D23.101.100.110.276 MN - D23.529.168 MS - A family of cell-surface proteins found on ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS. B7 antigens are ligands for specific cell surface receptor subtypes found on T-CELLS. They play an immunomodulatory role by stimulating or inhibiting the T-CELL activation process. HN - 2012; for B7 ANTIGEN and ANTIGEN B7 use ANTIGENS, CD80 1994-2011 MH - Balamuthia mandrillaris UI - D059611 MN - B1.46.90 MS - A species of free-living soil amoeba in the family Balamuthiidae, causing AMEBIASIS and a deadly form of ENCEPHALITIS in humans. AN - infection: coordinate IM with AMEBIASIS (IM) + ENCEPHALITIS (IM) if pertinent; coordinate with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc.) if pertinent HN - 2012 MH - Batch Cell Culture Techniques UI - D061249 MN - E5.240.249.124 MS - Methods for cultivation of cells, usually on a large-scale, in a closed system for the purpose of producing cells or cellular products to harvest. HN - 2012 BX - Batch Culture Techniques FX - Bioreactors MH - Bays UI - D061006 MN - G1.311.625.80 MN - N6.230.440.80 MS - An area of water mostly surrounded by land, usually smaller than a gulf, and affording access to the sea. HN - 2012 BX - Inlets MH - Biological Control Agents UI - D061046 MN - D20.215.191 MN - J1.40.226 MS - Organisms used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other species. HN - 2012 MH - Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques UI - D060807 MN - E5.196.712.516.99 MS - Techniques for determining the proximity of molecules based on ENERGY TRANSFER between bioluminescent chromophores and acceptor fluorophores that have overlapping emission and absorption spectra. HN - 2012 MH - Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals UI - D059451 MN - D20.215.261 MS - BIOLOGIC PRODUCTS that are imitations but not exact replicas of innovator products. HN - 2012 MH - Biphasic Insulins UI - D061265 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.200 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.200 MN - D26.310.249 MS - An insulin preparation that is designed to provide immediate and long term glycemic control in a single dosage. Biphasic insulin typically contains a mixture of REGULAR INSULIN or SHORT-ACTING INSULIN combined with a LONG-ACTING INSULIN. HN - 2012 BX - Biphasic Insulin MH - Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw UI - D059266 MN - C5.116.852.87 MN - C5.500.86 MN - C7.320.86 MN - C23.550.717.732.183 MS - Necrotic jaws or other maxillofacial skeleton necrosis associated with bisphosphonate use (see BISPHOSPHONATES). Injury, dental procedures, and trauma can trigger the necrotic process. HN - 2012 BX - Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis BX - Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis MH - Bone Anteversion UI - D060750 MN - C5.116.214.500 MN - C23.300.970.249 MS - Malalignment of a bone in which its head and neck is rotated excessively forward or inward. HN - 2012 MH - Bone Retroversion UI - D060751 MN - C5.116.214.750 MN - C23.300.970.374 MS - Attachment of a bone in which its head and neck is rotated excessively backward. HN - 2012 MH - Brachydactyly UI - D059327 MN - C5.660.585.262 MN - C16.131.621.585.262 MS - Congenital anomaly of abnormally short fingers or toes. AN - coordinate IM with FINGERS / abnorm (IM) or TOES / abnorm (IM) HN - 2012 MH - Brassinosteroids UI - D060406 MN - D4.808.247.808.756.71 MS - Plant steroids ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. They play essential roles in modulating growth and differentiation of cells at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. HN - 2012 MH - Breakthrough Pain UI - D059390 MN - C10.597.617.178 MN - C23.888.646.182 MN - F2.830.816.131 MN - G11.561.600.810.444.393 MS - Acute pain that comes on rapidly despite the use of pain medication. HN - 2012 MH - Breast Milk Expression UI - D061186 MN - F1.145.407.199.500 MS - The act of evacuating BREAST MILK by hand or with a pump. AN - coordinate with BOTTLE FEEDING if pertinent HN - 2012 FX - Milk Ejection MH - Calcifying Nanoparticles UI - D059587 MN - D5.500.135 MN - J1.637.512.600.150 MS - Protein-mineral complexes that comprise substrates needed for the normal calcium-carbonate-phosphate homeostasis. Nanobacteria was the prior name for the particles which were originally thought to be microorganisms. HN - 2012 MH - Calcium Ionophores UI - D061207 MN - D27.505.519.562.374.100 MN - D27.720.395.100 MS - Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to CALCIUM ions. HN - 2012 MH - Capillary Tubing UI - D060166 MN - E7.123 MS - Hollow cylindrical objects with an internal diameter that is small enough to fill by and hold liquids inside by CAPILLARY ACTION. HN - 2012 MH - Cardio-Renal Syndrome UI - D059347 MN - C12.777.419.780.400 MN - C13.351.968.419.780.400 MN - C14.280.434.156 MS - Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY). HN - 2012 BX - Cardiorenal Syndrome MH - Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced UI - D059267 MN - G9.330.190.281 MS - Heart enlargement and other remodeling in cardiac morphology and electrical circutry found in individuals who participate in intense repeated exercises. AN - CARDIOMEGALY is also available HN - 2012 MH - Carnivory UI - D060435 MN - F1.145.113.547.400 MN - F1.145.407.299 MS - The consumption of animal flesh. HN - 2012 MH - Carotid Intima-Media Thickness UI - D059168 MN - E1.370.350.850.150 MN - E1.370.370.180 MN - G9.330.210 MS - A measurement of the thickness of the carotid artery walls. It is measured by B-mode ULTRASONOGRAPHY and is used as a surrogate marker for ATHEROSCLEROSIS. HN - 2012 FX - Tunica Intima FX - Tunica Media MH - Caves UI - D059552 MN - G1.311.169 MN - G16.500.275.67 MN - N6.230.66 MS - Geological formations consisting of underground enclosures with access from the surface. HN - 2012 MH - Cell Cycle Checkpoints UI - D059447 MN - G4.299.134.109 MS - Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2012 FX - Cell Cycle Proteins FX - Genes, cdc MH - Cell Engineering UI - D060846 MN - E5.240.311 MN - J1.293.69.249 MS - Methods and techniques used to modify or select cells and develop conditions for growing cells for biosynthetic production of molecules (METABOLIC ENGINEERING), for generation of tissue structures and organs in vitro (TISSUE ENGINEERING), or for other BIOENGINEERING research objectives. HN - 2012 MH - Cellular Microenvironment UI - D060833 MN - G4.366 MS - Local surroundings with which cells interact by processing various chemical and physical signals, and by contributing their own effects to this environment. HN - 2012 MH - Cementoplasty UI - D060826 MN - E2.718.275 MN - E4.555.165 MS - Injection of BONE CEMENTS into bone to treat bone lesions. HN - 2012 MH - Central Nervous System Sensitization UI - D059333 MN - G11.561.148 MS - An increased response to stimulation that is mediated by amplification of signaling in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). HN - 2012 BX - Central Sensitization MH - Central Tolerance UI - D061167 MN - G12.425.746.425.800.200 MS - The mechanism, in central lymphoid organs (THYMUS; BONE MARROW), that prevents immature lymphocytes from reacting to SELF-ANTIGENS. This is accomplished by CLONAL ANERGY and CLONAL DELETION. HN - 2012 MH - Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis UI - D060425 MN - C1.703.513.374 MS - CNS infections caused by neurotropic dematiaceous fungi that contain melanin in their cell walls. The infections often result in BRAIN ABSCESS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MENINGITIS in patients who are often immunocompetent. The common causative fungi include members Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis, Rhinocladiella mackenziei, and Ochroconis gallopavum. R. mackenziei infection is seen almost exclusively in patients from the MIDDLE EAST. HN - 2012 MH - Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases UI - D059345 MN - C10.228.140.300.275 MN - C14.907.253.329 MS - Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. HN - 2012 MH - Characidae UI - D060126 MN - B1.50.150.900.493.130.150 MS - A family of fresh water fish in the order CHARACIFORMES, which includes the Tetras. HN - 2012 MH - Characiformes UI - D060125 MN - B1.50.150.900.493.130 MS - An order of fresh water fish with 18 families and over 1600 species. The order includes CHARACINS, hatchetfish, piranhas, and TETRAS. HN - 2012 MH - Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic UI - D060326 MN - E5.916.39 MN - G2.607.750.155 MN - J1.897.836.249 MS - Methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. Included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs. HN - 2012 MH - Chemoradiotherapy UI - D059248 MN - E2.186.79 MN - E2.319.164 MN - E2.815.160 MS - Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiotherapy. AN - coordinate with disease/ ther HN - 2012 BX - Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy MH - Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant UI - D059186 MN - E2.186.79.500 MN - E2.319.164.500 MN - E2.815.160.500 MS - Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery. It is commonly used in the therapy of cancer. AN - coordinate with disease/ ther HN - 2012 BX - Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy FX - Chemotherapy, Adjuvant FX - Radiotherapy, Adjuvant MH - Chilaiditi Syndrome UI - D059269 MN - C6.405.469.158.93 MS - Interposition of a portion of the colon (e.g., SIGMOID COLON) between the liver and teh diaphragm. It is associated with abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, anorexia and volvulus. Chilaiditi anomoly refers to asymptomatic interposition. HN - 2012 BX - Chilaiditi's Syndrome MH - Chlamydial Pneumonia UI - D061387 MN - C1.252.400.210.210.124 MN - C1.252.400.210.250.299 MN - C1.252.620.249 MN - C8.381.677.540.249 MN - C8.730.610.540.249 MS - Pneumonia caused by infections with the genus CHLAMYDiA; and CHLAMYDOPHILA, usually with CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE. HN - 2012; use PSITTACOSIS 2006-2011; use ORNITHOSIS 1963-2005 MH - Chlorophyll Binding Proteins UI - D061146 MN - D5.500.562.488.490.249 MN - D8.811.600.710.490.249 MN - D12.776.183.750.750.490.500 MN - D12.776.543.983.500.490.249 MN - D12.776.765.199.750.750.490.500 MS - A large family of proteins that have been traditionally classified as the light-harvesting proteins of the photosynthetic reaction complex. Chlorophyll binding proteins are also found in non-photosynthetic settings where they may play a photoprotective role in response to light stress. HN - 2012; use LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES 2004-2011; for CHLOROPHYLL AB-PROTEINS, CHLOROPHYL A-PROTEINS, and CHLOROPHYLL AC-PROTEINS, use LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES 2004-2011 and PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER COMPLEX PROTEINS 1991-2003 MH - Chloroplast Proteins UI - D060365 MN - D12.776.183 MN - D12.776.765.199 MS - Proteins encoded by the CHLOROPLAST GENOME or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the CHOROPLASTS. HN - 2012 MH - Cholinergic Neurons UI - D059329 MN - A8.663.127 MN - A11.671.188 MS - Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE. AN - CHOLINERGIC FIBERS is also available HN - 2012 FX - Cholinergic Fibers MH - Chronic Pain UI - D059350 MN - C10.597.617.258 MN - C23.888.592.612.274 MS - Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain. AN - differentiate from PAIN, INTRACTABLE HN - 2012 FX - Acute Pain MH - Clonal Evolution UI - D060965 MN - G4.299.350 MN - G5.355.123 MS - The process of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes over time in individual cells and the effect of the changes on CELL PROLIFERATION. HN - 2012 FX - Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated MH - Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated UI - D060966 MN - G12.425.199 MN - G12.450.50.184 MS - LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION by a specific ANTIGEN thus triggering clonal expansion of LYMPHOCYTES already capable of mounting an immune response to the antigen. HN - 2012 FX - Antibody Formation FX - Clonal Evolution MH - Coal Ash UI - D060729 MN - D20.633.110 MS - Residue generated from combustion of coal or petroleum. HN - 2012 MH - Coinfection UI - D060085 MN - C1.539.218 MN - C2.219 MS - Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses. AN - coordinate with specific infections if pertinent HN - 2012 BX - Mixed Infection MH - Consolidation Chemotherapy UI - D060830 MN - E2.319.218 MS - Drug treatment designed to further diminish the disease toward complete remission following INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY. It helps to consolidate the gains during induction chemotherapy and may be followed by MAINTENANCE CHEMOTHERAPY. HN - 2012 MH - Construction Industry UI - D060389 MN - J1.576.262 MS - The aggregate business enterprise of building. HN - 2012 FX - Construction Materials FX - Facility Design and Construction MH - Corneal Keratocytes UI - D060527 MN - A11.329.228.109 MS - Fibroblasts which occur in the CORNEAL STROMA. HN - 2012 MH - Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors UI - D061025 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.222 MS - A family of receptors that modulate the activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES by the T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR. The receptors are responsive to one or more B7 ANTIGENS found on ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS and, depending upon the specific ligand-receptor combination, modulate a variety of T-cell functions such as the rate of clonal expansion, CELL SURVIVAL and cytokine production. Although commonly referred to as costimulatory receptors, some of the receptors have inhibitory effects such as inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. HN - 2012 MH - Coxa Valga UI - D060906 MN - C5.116.214.750.500 MN - C5.116.327 MN - C5.550.338 MN - C23.300.970.374.500 MS - Hip deformity in which the angle between the femoral neck and its shaft is increased. It may be congenital, acquired, or developmental. HN - 2012 MH - Coxa Vara UI - D060905 MN - C5.116.214.500.500 MN - C5.550.353 MN - C23.300.970.249.500 MS - Hip deformity in which the femoral neck leans forward resulting in a decrease in the angle between femoral neck and its shaft. It may be congenital often syndromic, acquired, or developmental. HN - 2012 BX - Congenital Coxa Vara FX - Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses MH - Cronobacter UI - D059126 MN - B3.440.450.425.198 MN - B3.660.250.150.98 MS - A genus of gram-negative opportunistic foodborne pathogens. HN - 2012 MH - Cryogels UI - D059985 MN - D20.280.320.375.500 MN - D26.255.165.320.375.187 MS - Macroporous hydrogels that are produced at subzero temperatures. Cryogels have pores that are produced by growing ice crystals and have been developed with a tissue-like elasticity that is suitable for cell immunization experiments. HN - 2012(2003) MH - CTLA-4 Antigen UI - D060908 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.222.750 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.281 MN - D23.50.301.264.894.158 MN - D23.101.100.110.281 MN - D23.101.100.894.158 MS - An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. HN - 2012(1991) BX - Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 MH - Dental Implant-Abutment Design UI - D059605 MN - E6.780.345.625.500 MN - E6.912.145.750 MS - The plan and delineation of DENTAL IMPLANT fitting with DENTAL ABUTMENT. HN - 2012 BX - Dental Implant Platform Switching BX - Dental Implant-Abutment Connection BX - Dental Implant-Abutment Interface BX - Morse Taper Dental Implant-Abutment Connection BX - Morse Taper Dental Implant-Abutment Interface MH - Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant UI - D061218 MN - F3.600.300.387 MS - Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.) HN - 2012 MH - Diet, High-Fat UI - D059305 MN - G7.610.240.267 MS - Consumption of excessive DIETARY FATS. HN - 2012 BX - Diet, High Fat MH - Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control UI - D059328 MN - E2.190.262 MN - E3.91.322 MS - A physiological process by which the perception of pain at a local area of the body is inhibited by a second painful stimulus administered at a distal body site HN - 2012 MH - Dirofilaria repens UI - D060348 MN - B1.50.500.500.294.700.750.700.300.230.650 MS - A filarial parasite primarily affecting dogs and cats, but causing an emerging zoonosis in humans involving subcutaneous lesions. It is transmitted by MOSQUITOES. AN - infection = DIROFILARIASIS HN - 2012 MH - Disease Eradication UI - D060740 MN - N6.850.275 MS - Termination of all transmission of infection by global extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment (From Porta, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed). AN - coordinate with specific disease / prev HN - 2012 FX - Communicable Disease Control MH - Disease Resistance UI - D060467 MN - C23.550.291.671 MN - G12.450.564.250 MN - G12.450.800.250 MN - G15.602.250 MS - The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants. HN - 2012; use IMMUNITY, INNATE 1978-2011 MH - DNA End-Joining Repair UI - D059766 MN - G2.111.87.219.200 MN - G2.149.115.219.200 MN - G5.355.195.200 MS - The repair of DOUBLE-STRAND DNA BREAKS by rejoining the broken ends of DNA to each other directly. HN - 2012 BX - Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining MH - DNA Transformation Competence UI - D061269 MN - G5.232 MN - G6.99.112.805.500 MS - The ability of bacterial cells to take up exogenous DNA and be genetically transformed by it. HN - 2012 MH - DNA, B-Form UI - D059371 MN - D13.444.308.196 MN - G2.111.570.790.486.142 MN - G5.360.580.121 MS - The most common form of DNA found in nature. It is a right-handed helix with 10 base pairs per turn, a pitch of 0.338 nm per base pair and a helical diameter of 1.9 nm. HN - 2012; for DNA, B-FORM use DNA 2004-2011 MH - Dopaminergic Neurons UI - D059290 MN - A8.663.278 MN - A11.671.270 MS - Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE. HN - 2012 MH - Dried Blood Spot Testing UI - D059788 MN - E1.370.225.124.100.232 MN - E5.200.124.100.232 MS - Techniques for using whole blood samples collected on filter paper for a variety of clinical laboratory tests. HN - 2012 MH - Drinking Water UI - D060766 MN - D1.455.900.300 MN - D1.650.550.925.199 MN - J2.200.418 MN - N6.850.860.510.915.149 MS - Water that is intended to be ingested. HN - 2012 FX - Fresh Water MH - Duddingtonia UI - D059586 MN - B1.300.381.299 MS - A genus of ascomycetous mitosporic fungi in the family Orbiliaceae. It is used for the biological control of nematodes in livestock. HN - 2012 MH - Dyscalculia UI - D060705 MN - C10.597.606.150.550.99 MN - C23.888.592.604.150.550.99 MN - F3.550.350.500.99 MN - F3.550.450.199 MS - Impaired ability in numerical concepts. These inabilities arise as a result of primary neurological lesion, are syndromic (e.g., GERSTMANN SYNDROME ) or acquired due to brain damage. HN - 2012 FX - Gerstmann Syndrome MH - Early Medical Intervention UI - D061345 MN - N2.421.143.827.363 MS - Action taken to reduce susceptibility or exposure to health problems and to detect and treat disease in early stages. AN - EARLY INTERVENTION (EDUCATION) is also available HN - 2012 MH - Economics, Behavioral UI - D060909 MN - F4.96.628.286 MN - N3.219.215 MS - The combined discipline of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications. AN - use for the discipline (education, history, etc) only HN - 2012 MH - Ecotype UI - D060146 MN - G5.695.200 MN - G16.500.275.157.49.230 MN - N6.230.124.49.230 MS - Geographic variety, population, or race, within a species, that is genetically adapted to a particular habitat. An ecotype typically exhibits phenotypic differences but is capable of interbreeding with other ecotypes. HN - 2012 FX - Gene-Environment Interaction MH - Education of Hearing Disabled UI - D060345 MN - I2.233.213.199 MS - The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment. HN - 2012 MH - Education of Visually Disabled UI - D060329 MN - I2.233.213.500 MS - The teaching or training of those individuals with visual disability. HN - 2012 MH - Electromagnetic Radiation UI - D060733 MN - G1.358.500.505 MN - G1.750.250 MS - Waves of oscillating electric and MAGNETIC FIELDS which move at right angles to each other and outward from the source. HN - 2012; for ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY and ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES use RADIATION 1988-2011 BX - Electromagnetic Energy BX - Electromagnetic Waves MH - Emergency Responders UI - D060731 MN - M1.526.373 MS - Personnel trained to provide the initial services, care, and support in EMERGENCIES or DISASTERS. HN - 2012 MH - Emergency Shelter UI - D060447 MN - N6.230.100.121 MS - Temporary shelter provided in response to a major disaster or emergency. HN - 2012 MH - Endocarditis, Non-Infective UI - D059905 MN - C14.280.282.703 MS - Formation of a non-infectious THROMBUS, referred to as vegetation, on previously undamaged ENDOCARDIUM. It usually occurs as a complication of connective-tissue diseases and cancers because of the associated hypercoagulable state (see THROMBOPHILIA). HN - 2012 BX - Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis MH - Endophytes UI - D060026 MN - B5.237 MS - An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them. HN - 2012 FX - Symbiosis MH - Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress UI - D059865 MN - G3.495.710.344 MN - G4.299.486 MN - G4.434 MS - Various physiological or molecular disturbances that impair ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM function. It triggers many responses, including UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE, which may lead to APOPTOSIS; and AUTOPHAGY. HN - 2012 BX - Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum FX - Unfolded Protein Response MH - Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation UI - D060746 MN - G2.111.87.675.871.790.600.962.500 MN - G2.111.87.693.600.850.500 MN - G2.149.115.675.871.790.600.850.500 MN - G2.149.115.693.600.925.500 MN - G3.495.770.871.790.600.850.500 MN - G5.355.315.670.600.850.500 MS - A degradation process whereby incorrectly folded proteins are selectively transported out of the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and into the CYTOSOL. The misfolded proteins are subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the PROTEASOME. HN - 2012 FX - Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress FX - Proteolysis FX - Ubiquitination MH - Energy Drinks UI - D061215 MN - J2.200.512 MS - Beverages consumed as stimulants and tonics. They usually contain a combination of CAFFEINE with other substances such as herbal supplements; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; and sugar or sugar derivatives. HN - 2012 MH - Entomoplasmatales UI - D060366 MN - B3.440.860.300 MS - An order of nonhelical (ENTOMOPLASMATACEAE) and helical (SPIROPLASMATACEAE) gram-negative bacteria in the class MOLLICUTES, that are regularly associated with arthropod or plant hosts. HN - 2012 MH - Equol UI - D060754 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.400.281 MS - A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines. HN - 2012 MH - Exome UI - D059472 MN - G5.360.340.11 MS - That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell. HN - 2012 FX - Exons FX - Transcriptome MH - Facilitated Tucking UI - D060867 MN - N2.421.88.120.59 MS - A method of soothing PREMATURE INFANTS during POSTNATAL CARE. It involves holding the infant's arms and legs in flexed positions close to the midline of the TORSO. HN - 2012 MH - Feeder Cells UI - D061252 MN - A11.251.538 MS - Cells used in COCULTURE TECHNIQUES which support the growth of the other cells in the culture. Feeder cells provide auxillary substances including attachment substrates, nutrients, or other factors that are needed for growth in culture. HN - 2012 MH - Fertility Preservation UI - D059247 MN - E2.875.800.625 MN - E4.936.537.562 MN - E5.820.800.625 MS - A method of providing future reproductive opportunities before a medical treatment with known risk of loss of fertility. Typically reproductive organs or tissues (e.g., sperm, egg, embryos and ovarian or testicular tissues) are cryopreserved for future use before the medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation) begins. HN - 2012 FX - Oocyte Retrieval FX - Organ Sparing Treatments FX - Sperm Retrieval MH - Fetal Globulins UI - D060747 MN - D12.776.320.525 MN - D12.776.377.228 MS - Specialized proteins that are preferentially expressed during FETAL DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2012; use FETAL PROTEINS 1984-2011 MH - Fetuin-B UI - D060752 MN - D12.776.124.790.106.304.750 MN - D12.776.157.125.283.750 MN - D12.776.215.625.750 MN - D12.776.377.715.85.304.750 MS - A fetuin subtype that is closely-related to ALPHA-2-HS-GLYCOPROTEIN. Although fetuin-B binds calcium, it is a minor component of SERUM and therefore it may not play a primary role in preventing serum calcium phosphate precipitation. HN - 2012 MH - Fetuins UI - D060748 MN - D12.776.124.790.106.304 MN - D12.776.157.125.283 MN - D12.776.215.625 MN - D12.776.377.715.85.304 MS - A family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are synthesized in the LIVER and play an essential role in maintaining the solubility of CALCIUM in the BLOOD. In addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains and are classified as type 3 cystatins. HN - 2012; use ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS 1975-2011 MH - Fibrobacteres UI - D061306 MN - B3.335 MN - B3.440.425.410.47 MS - A phylum of gram-negative bacteria closely related to the BACTEROIDETES. Species have been found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, especially termites, though indications are that species are more broadly distributed in other environments. HN - 2012 MH - Firefighters UI - D061388 MN - M1.526.373.400 MS - Professional or volunteer members of a fire department who are trained to suppress fire and respond to related emergency. HN - 2012 MH - Florigen UI - D060405 MN - D12.776.765.342 MS - Molecule produced in plant leaves that acts like a hormone by inducing flowering in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips. HN - 2012 MH - Food Storage UI - D061353 MN - J1.576.423.200.387 MS - Keeping food for later consumption. HN - 2012 FX - Food Packaging FX - Food Preservation FX - Food Supply MH - Foraminotomy UI - D059526 MN - E4.525.305 MS - Surgical enlargement of the intervertebral foramina to relieve NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION. HN - 2012 MH - Forgiveness UI - D061347 MN - F1.470.383 MN - F1.829.401.166 MS - Excusing or pardoning for an offense or release of anger or resentment. HN - 2012 MH - Functional Neuroimaging UI - D059907 MN - E1.370.350.578.875 MN - E1.370.376.537.625 MN - E5.629.875 MS - Methods for visualing REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM using various imaging modalities. AN - coordinate with specific imaging modality if appropriate HN - 2012 MH - Fusariosis UI - D060585 MN - C1.539.800.200.383.500 MN - C1.703.295.328.500 MN - C1.703.513.500 MN - C17.800.838.208.416.500 MS - OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections. HN - 2012 MH - G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints UI - D059585 MN - G4.299.134.109.249 MN - G4.299.134.500.320.500 MS - Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the CELL CYCLE through the G1 PHASE and allow transition to S PHASE when the cells are ready to undergo DNA REPLICATION. DNA DAMAGE, or the deficiencies in specific cellular components or nutrients may cause the cells to halt before progressing through G1 phase. HN - 2012 BX - G1/S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoint MH - G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints UI - D059565 MN - G4.299.134.109.500 MN - G4.299.134.500.340.500 MS - CELL CYCLE regulatory signaling systems that are triggered by DNA DAMAGE or lack of nutrients during G2 PHASE. When triggered they restrain cells transitioning from G2 phase to M PHASE. HN - 2012 BX - G2/M Cell Cycle Checkpoint MH - GABAergic Neurons UI - D059330 MN - A8.663.289 MN - A11.671.285 MS - Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. HN - 2012 MH - Gas, Natural UI - D059206 MN - D20.345.369 MN - N6.230.132.258.369 MS - A combustible, gaseous mixture of low-molecular weight PARAFFIN hydrocarbons, generated below the surface of the earth. It contains mostly METHANE and ETHANE with small amounts of PROPANE; BUTANES; and higher hydrocarbons, and sometimes NITROGEN; CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; and HELIUM. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) HN - 2012 FX - Oil and Gas Fields MH - Gastropexy UI - D059485 MN - E4.210.471 MS - Surgical fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall. HN - 2012 MH - Gene-Environment Interaction UI - D059647 MN - G5.695.337 MS - The combined effects of genotypes and environmental factors together on phenotypic characteristics. HN - 2012 FX - Ecotype FX - Genetic Fitness FX - Genetic Predisposition to Disease MH - Genes, Chloroplast UI - D061125 MN - G5.360.340.24.340.225 MN - G5.420.275.249 MS - Those nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity which are located within the CHLOROPLAST DNA. HN - 2012 FX - DNA, Chloroplast MH - Genes, Modifier UI - D060045 MN - G5.360.340.24.340.370 MS - GENES with ALLELES that affect the PHENOTYPE associated with a nonallelic gene. HN - 2012 FX - Epistasis, Genetic FX - Genes, Regulator FX - Multifactorial Inheritance FX - Penetrance FX - Quantitative Trait Loci FX - Quantitative Trait, Heritable MH - Genome Size UI - D059646 MN - G5.360.340.37 MS - The amount of DNA (or RNA) in one copy of a genome. HN - 2012 MH - Genotyping Techniques UI - D060005 MN - E5.393.442 MS - Methods used to determine individuals' specific ALLELES or SNPS (single nucleotide polymorphisms). HN - 2012 FX - DNA Fingerprinting FX - Genetic Linkage FX - Genome-Wide Association Study FX - Genotype MH - Geothermal Energy UI - D059207 MN - N6.230.132.644.186 MS - Thermal energy contained in the earth. It can be used directly to supply heat or converted to mechanical or electrical energy. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) HN - 2012 MH - Germ Theory of Disease UI - D060755 MN - K1.752.667.555 MS - The fundamental tenet of modern medicine that certain diseases are caused by microorganisms. It was confirmed by the work of Pasteur, Lister, and Koch. HN - 2012 MH - Gingival Retraction Techniques UI - D060745 MN - E6.912.480 MS - Techniques used to expose dental surface below the gingival margin in order to obtain better dental impression during periodental and peri-implant applications. The retraction of the gingival tissue can be achieved surgically (e.g., laser gingivectomy and rotary curettage) or chemically with a retraction cord. HN - 2012 MH - Glenoid Cavity UI - D061165 MN - A2.835.232.87.783.450 MS - A depression in the lateral angle of the scapula that articulates with the head of the HUMERUS. HN - 2012 MH - Glomerular Filtration Barrier UI - D060730 MN - A5.810.453.324.359.372 MN - A5.810.453.736.520.372 MN - A7.500 MS - A specialized barrier in the kidney, consisting of the fenestrated CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM; GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE; and glomerular epithelium (PODOCYTES). The barrier prevents the filtration of PLASMA PROTEINS. HN - 2012 MH - Glossopharyngeal Nerve Injuries UI - D061287 MN - C10.292.262.531 MN - C10.292.450.500 MN - C10.900.300.218.331 MN - C26.260.237.365 MN - C26.915.300.400.343 MS - Traumatic injuries to the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE. HN - 2012 MH - Groundwater UI - D060587 MN - G1.311.355 MN - G16.500.275.325 MN - N6.230.273 MS - Liquid water present beneath the surface of the earth. HN - 2012 FX - Water Supply MH - Gulf of Mexico UI - D060851 MN - Z1.107.296 MS - A body of water located at the southeastern corner of North America. It is bordered by the states to the north of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas; by five Mexican states to the west: Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan; and by Cuba to the southeast. HN - 2012 MH - Hand-Foot Syndrome UI - D060831 MN - C17.800.174.600.587 MN - C25.723.276.505.587 MS - Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies. AN - do not confuse with HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE HN - 2012 FX - Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease MH - HapMap Project UI - D060148 MN - H1.158.273.180.350.162 MN - H1.158.273.343.249.199 MN - H1.158.273.343.350.130 MN - H1.770.644.145.350.249 MS - A coordinated international effort to identify and catalog patterns of linked variations (HAPLOTYPES) found in the human genome across the entire human population. AN - CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2012 FX - Haplotypes MH - Head Kidney UI - D060226 MN - A13.449 MN - A16.835.400 MS - A primitive form of vertebrate kidney that is found in adults of some primitive FISHES and in the embryos of more advanced fishes. In some species of fishes it contains phagocytic cells and is also a major site of HEMATOPOIESIS, analogous to the mammalian BONE MARROW. HN - 2012 FX - Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary MH - Heimlich Maneuver UI - D059746 MN - E2.365.476 MS - An emergency treatment commonly used to clear food and other foreign objects causing AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. HN - 2012 MH - Herbivory UI - D060434 MN - F1.145.113.547.600 MN - F1.145.407.758 MS - The act of feeding on plants by animals. HN - 2012 MH - Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome UI - D061325 MN - C4.588.180.483 MN - C4.588.322.455.431 MN - C4.700.517 MN - C13.351.500.56.630.705.431 MN - C13.351.937.418.685.431 MN - C16.320.700.517 MN - C17.800.90.500.483 MN - C19.344.410.431 MN - C19.391.630.705.431 MS - Autosomal dominant HEREDITARY CANCER SYNDROME in which a mutation most often in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 is associated with a significantly increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers. AN - coordinate IM with histological type of neoplasm (IM) if pertinent HN - 2012 FX - BRCA1 Protein FX - BRCA2 Protein MH - Herniorrhaphy UI - D059685 MN - E4.680.325 MS - Surgical procedures undertaken to repair abnormal openings through which tissue or parts of organs can protrude or are already protruding. HN - 2012 MH - Heterotaxy Syndrome UI - D059446 MN - C14.240.400.592 MN - C14.280.400.592 MN - C15.604.744.146 MN - C16.131.77.401 MN - C16.131.240.400.592 MS - Abnormal thoracoabdominal VISCERA arrangement (visceral heterotaxy) or malformation that involves additional CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (e.g., heart isomerism; DEXTROCARDIA) and/or abnormal SPLEEN (e.g., asplenia and polysplenia). Irregularities with the central nervous system, the skeleton and urinary tract are often associated with the syndrome. HN - 2012 MH - HIV Serosorting UI - D059147 MN - F1.145.699.400 MN - F1.145.802.400 MS - The practice of making choices about SEXUAL PARTNERS based on their HIV status. HN - 2012 MH - HLA-A11 Antigen UI - D059870 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.400.110 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.400.110 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.400.110 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.370.110 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.400.110 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.370.500 MS - A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*11 allele family. HN - 2012(1989) MH - HLA-A24 Antigen UI - D059871 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.400.240 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.400.240 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.400.240 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.370.240 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.400.240 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.370.600 MS - A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*24 allele family. HN - 2012(1986) MH - HLA-B13 Antigen UI - D059908 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.130 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.130 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.130 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.130 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.130 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.130 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*13 allele family. HN - 2012(1983) MH - HLA-B14 Antigen UI - D059909 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.140 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.140 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.140 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.140 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.140 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.140 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*14 allele family. HN - 2012(1982) MH - HLA-B15 Antigen UI - D059910 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.150 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.150 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.150 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.150 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.150 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.150 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*15 allele family. HN - 2012(1981) BX - HLA B15 Antigen MH - HLA-B18 Antigen UI - D059911 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.180 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.180 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.180 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.180 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.180 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.180 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*18 allele family. HN - 2012(1981) MH - HLA-B37 Antigen UI - D059912 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.370 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.370 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.370 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.370 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.370 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.370 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*37 allele family. HN - 2012(1986) MH - HLA-B38 Antigen UI - D059945 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.380 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.380 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.380 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.380 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.380 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.380 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*38 allele family. HN - 2012(1987) BX - HLA B38 Antigen MH - HLA-B39 Antigen UI - D059946 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.390 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.390 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.390 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.390 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.390 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.390 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*39 allele family. HN - 2012(1987) MH - HLA-B40 Antigen UI - D059947 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.400 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.400 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.400 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.400 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.400 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.400 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*40 allele family. HN - 2012(1989) MH - HLA-B44 Antigen UI - D059948 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.440 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.440 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.440 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.440 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.440 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.440 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*44 allele family. HN - 2012(1985) MH - HLA-B51 Antigen UI - D059949 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.510 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.510 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.510 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.510 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.510 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.510 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*51 allele family. HN - 2012(1982) MH - HLA-B52 Antigen UI - D059950 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.500.520 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.500.520 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.500.520 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.380.520 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.500.520 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.380.520 MS - A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*52 allele family. HN - 2012(1985) BX - HLA B52 Antigen MH - HLA-DP alpha-Chains UI - D059867 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.420.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.420.500 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.420.500 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.420.500 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.420.500 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.420.500 MS - Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DP antigens. HN - 2012 MH - HLA-DP beta-Chains UI - D059868 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.420.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.420.750 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.420.750 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.420.750 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.420.750 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.420.750 MS - Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DP antigens. HN - 2012 MH - HLA-DQ alpha-Chains UI - D059848 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.430.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.430.500 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.430.500 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.430.500 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.430.500 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.430.500 MS - Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens. HN - 2012 MH - HLA-DQ beta-Chains UI - D059866 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.430.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.430.750 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.430.750 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.430.750 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.430.750 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.430.750 MS - Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens. HN - 2012 MH - HLA-DR alpha-Chains UI - D059805 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.100 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.100 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.100 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.222 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.100 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.222 MS - Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DR antigens. They are also referred to as the HLA-DR heavy chains. HN - 2012; for HLA-D ALPHA use HLA-DR ANTIGENS 1987-2011 BX - HLA-DR alpha BX - HLA-DR alpha-Chain MH - HLA-DR beta-Chains UI - D059806 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.200 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.200 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.200 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.333 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.200 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.333 MS - Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DR antigens. They are also referred to as the HLA-DR light chains. HN - 2012; for HLA-D BETA use HLA-DR ANTIGENS 1987-2011 BX - HLA-DR beta MH - HLA-DR Serological Subtypes UI - D059810 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.400 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.400 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.400 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.389 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.389 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.389 MS - HLA-DR antigen subtypes that have been classified according to their affinity to specific ANTIBODIES. The DNA sequence analyses of HLA-DR ALPHA-CHAINS and HLA-DR BETA-CHAINS has for the most part revealed the specific alleles that are responsible for each serological subtype. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2012 MH - HLA-DRB1 Chains UI - D059811 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.200.10 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.200.10 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.200.10 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.333.500 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.200.10 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.333.500 MS - A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES. HN - 2012(1991) MH - HLA-DRB3 Chains UI - D059826 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.200.30 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.200.30 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.200.30 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.333.750 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.200.30 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.333.750 MS - A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over 50 allelic variants. The HLA-DRB3 beta-chain subtype is associated with HLA-DR52 serological subtype. HN - 2012(1993) MH - HLA-DRB4 Chains UI - D059845 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.200.40 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.200.40 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.200.40 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.333.875 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.200.40 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.333.875 MS - A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that is associated with the HLA-DR53 serological subtype. HN - 2012(1992) MH - HLA-DRB5 Chains UI - D059847 MN - D12.776.395.550.509.400.440.200.50 MN - D12.776.543.550.423.400.440.200.50 MN - D23.50.301.500.400.400.440.200.50 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.400.440.333.937 MN - D23.50.705.552.410.400.440.200.50 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.400.440.333.937 MS - A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that is associated with the HLA-DR51 serological subtype. HN - 2012(1992) MH - HLA-G Antigens UI - D059951 MN - D12.776.395.550.489.700 MN - D12.776.543.550.421.700 MN - D23.50.301.500.100.700 MN - D23.50.301.500.450.700 MN - D23.50.705.552.100.700 MN - D23.50.705.552.450.700 MS - Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by alleles on locus B of the HLA complex. The HLA-G antigens are considered non-classical class I antigens due to their distinct tissue distribution which differs from HLA-A; HLA-B; and HLA-C antigens. Note that several isoforms of HLA-G antigens result from alternative splicing of messenger RNAs produced from the HLA-G*01 allele. HN - 2012(1990) MH - Holy Roman Empire UI - D060786 MN - Z1.586.361 MS - Realm in central Europe consisting of a confederation of German and Italian territories under the suzerainty of an emperor and existing from the 9th or 10th century to 1806. AN - do not confuse with ROMAN EMPIRE see ROMAN WORLD or with ROME which is used for the ancient & modern city HN - 2012 MH - Homologous Recombination UI - D059765 MN - G5.355.760.615 MS - An exchange of DNA between matching or similar sequences. HN - 2012 MH - Hormesis UI - D059165 MN - G7.700.370 MS - Biphasic dose responses of cells or organisms (including microorganisms) to an exogenous or intrinsic factor, in which the factor induces stimulatory or beneficial effects at low doses and inhibitory or adverse effects at high doses. HN - 2012 MH - Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells UI - D061307 MN - A11.436.275.682 MS - Endothelial cells that line venous vessels of the UMBILICAL CORD. HN - 2012 FX - Cells, Cultured MH - Hyalohyphomycosis UI - D060605 MN - C1.539.800.200.383 MN - C1.703.295.328 MN - C1.703.513 MN - C17.800.838.208.416 MS - OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS caused by a heterogeneous group of MITOSPORIC FUNGI with clear (hyalo-) HYPHAE in the host. Common causative agents include ACREMONIUM; ASPERGILLUS; CHRYSOSPORIUM; FUSARIUM; PAECILOMYCES; PENICILLIUM; PSEUDALLESCHERIA; SCEDOSPORIUM; and SCOPULARIOPSIS. Normally a dermatomycoses, it can become invasive in the IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST. AN - coordinate IM with specific fungus (IM) but note specifics HN - 2012 MH - Hydrothermal Vents UI - D060086 MN - G1.311.355.750.500.400 MN - G16.500.275.325.500.400 MN - N6.230.273.500.400 MS - Hot springs on the ocean floor. They are commonly found near volcanically active places such as mid-oceanic ridges. HN - 2012 MH - Hygiene Hypothesis UI - D061148 MN - K1.752.667.875 MS - The theory that infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites are normal stimulants for the maturation of the immune system toward a balanced immune response. The theory predicts that lack of such stimulation leads to allergies and AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. HN - 2012 FX - Therapy with Helminths MH - Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries UI - D061228 MN - C10.292.262.562 MN - C10.292.525.500 MN - C10.900.300.218.362 MN - C26.260.237.406 MN - C26.915.300.400.387 MS - Traumatic injuries to the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE. HN - 2012 MH - Imaginal Discs UI - D060227 MN - A13.518 MS - Hollow sacs of cells in LARVA that form adult structures in insects during BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS. HN - 2012 FX - Larva MH - Immunochromatography UI - D059665 MN - E5.196.181.400.170.500 MN - E5.478.566.335 MS - A type of affinity chromatography where ANTIBODIES are used in the affinity capture reaction on the solid support, in the mobile phase, or both. HN - 2012 MH - In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques UI - D059471 MN - E2.875.800.906 MN - E5.820.800.906 MS - Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION. HN - 2012 BX - In Vitro Oocyte Maturation FX - Oocytes FX - Oogenesis MH - Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need UI - D061326 MN - E5.318.308.250.300.512 MN - E6.208.421 MN - N5.715.360.300.375.300.505 MN - N6.850.520.308.250.300.512 MN - N6.890.160.134 MS - A dental health survey developed to evaluate a patient's orthodontic treatment need and priority for orthodontic care. The index is based on an assessment of degree of MALOCCLUSION and the potential aesthetic and dental health benefit of the treatment under consideration. HN - 2012 MH - Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand UI - D060945 MN - D12.776.467.150.500 MN - D12.776.543.95.500 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.276.500 MN - D23.50.301.285.500 MN - D23.101.100.110.276.500 MN - D23.529.168.500 MS - A B7 antigen that binds specifically to INDUCIBLE T-CELL CO-STIMULATOR PROTEIN on T-CELLS. It provides a costimulatory signal for T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. HN - 2012(2000) MH - Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein UI - D060889 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.222.812 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.285 MN - D23.50.301.264.894.580 MN - D23.101.100.110.285 MN - D23.101.100.894.580 MS - A costimulatory receptor that is specific for INDUCIBLE T-CELL CO-STIMULATOR LIGAND. The receptor is associated with a diverse array of immunologically-related effects including the increased synthesis of INTERLEUKIN 10 in REGULATORY T-LYMPHOCYTES and the induction of PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. HN - 2012(1999) MH - Induction Chemotherapy UI - D060828 MN - E2.319.499 MN - E2.860.500 MS - Initial drug treatment designed to bring about REMISSION INDUCTION. It is typically a short-term and high-dose drug treatment that is followed by CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY and then MAINTENANCE CHEMOTHERAPY. HN - 2012 MH - Infusions, Spinal UI - D060186 MN - E2.319.267.510.794 MS - The administration of medication by insertion of a tiny needle or catheter into the spinal sac or epidural cavity. AN - do not confuse with INJECTIONS, SPINAL HN - 2012 MH - Insulin Aspart UI - D061267 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.400.100 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.400.100 MS - Insulin that has been modified to contain an ASPARTIC ACID instead of a PROLINE at position 38 of the B-chain. HN - 2012(1991) BX - Insulin-Aspart MH - Insulin Lispro UI - D061268 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.400.500 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.400.500 MS - Insulin that has been modified so that the B-chain contains a LYSINE at position 28 instead of a PROLINE and a PROLINE at position 29 instead of a LYSINE. HN - 2012(1995) MH - Insulin, Lente UI - D061405 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.300.300 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.300.300 MS - An insulin, zinc chloride preparation in the form of a suspension of crystals and amorphous material in a ratio of approximately 7:3. Typically, lente insulin has a duration of activity that lasts between 13-20 hours after dosage. HN - 2012; use INSULIN, LONG-ACTING 1966-2011; for INSULIN, LENTE, MONOCOMPONENT use INSULIN, LONG-ACTING 1983-2011; for INSULIN, MONTARD and INSULIN NOVO MONOTARD use INSULIN, LONG-ACTING 1984-2011 MH - Insulin, Regular, Human UI - D061386 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.500.625.500 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.500.625.500 MS - Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence. HN - 2012; use INSULIN 2003-2011 MH - Insulin, Regular, Pork UI - D061389 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.500.625.700 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.500.625.700 MS - Regular insulin preparations that contain the SUS SCROFA insulin peptide sequence. HN - 2012; use INSULIN 2003-2011 MH - Insulin, Short-Acting UI - D061266 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.400 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.400 MS - Insulin derivatives and preparations that are designed to induce a rapid HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT. HN - 2012 MH - Insulin, Ultralente UI - D061406 MN - D6.472.699.587.200.300.800 MN - D12.644.548.586.200.300.800 MS - A preparation of insulin and zinc chloride in the form of a crystalline suspension. Typically the duration of ultralente insulin activity lasts between 18-30 hours after dosage. HN - 2012; use INSULIN, LONG-ACTING 1966-2011 BX - Ultralente Insulin MH - Insulins UI - D061385 MN - D6.472.699.587.200 MN - D12.644.548.586.200 MS - Peptide hormones that cause an increase in the absorption of GLUCOSE by cells within organs such as LIVER, MUSCLE and ADIPOSE TISSUE. During normal metabolism insulins are produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS in response to increased GLUCOSE. Natural and chemically-modified forms of insulin are also used in the treatment of GLUCOSE METABOLISM DISORDERS such as DIABETES MELLITUS. AN - general or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2012 MH - Interactive Ventilatory Support UI - D059725 MN - E2.41.625.516 MN - E2.880.820.516 MS - Mechanical ventilation delivered to match the patient's efforts in breathing as detected by the interactive ventilation device. HN - 2012 MH - Interferon-gamma Release Tests UI - D059425 MN - E1.370.225.812.453 MN - E5.200.812.453 MN - E5.478.594.475 MN - E5.478.707 MS - The assay of INTERFERON-GAMMA released from lymphocytes after their exposure to a specific test antigen, to check for IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY resulting from a previous exposure to the antigen. The amount of interferon-gamma released is usually assayed by an ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. HN - 2012 FX - Interferon-gamma FX - Tuberculin Test FX - Tuberculosis MH - Intra-Abdominal Hypertension UI - D059325 MN - C5.651.180.297 MN - C14.907.303.297 MS - Pathological elevation of intra-abdominal pressure (>12 mm Hg). It may develop as a result of SEPSIS; PANCREATITIS; capillary leaks, burns, or surgery. When the pressure is higher than 20 mm Hg, often with end-organ dysfunction, it is referred to as abdominal compartment syndrome. HN - 2012 BX - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome MH - Intraabdominal Infections UI - D059413 MN - C1.539.463 MS - Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery. HN - 2012 MH - Kangaroo-Mother Care Method UI - D060127 MN - E2.760.670.500 MN - N2.421.88.120.140 MN - N2.421.585.700.500 MS - A method of continuously holding a partially wrapped baby to the chest, involving skin-to-skin contact. Originally it was a method of caring for LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANT in developing countries and is now more widespread in developed nations. Aside from encouraging breast feeding, the extra sleep that the infant gets assists in regulating body temperature, helps the baby conserve energy, and redirects calorie expenditures toward growth and weight gain. AN - humans only; check the tags HUMAN and INFANT or INFANT, NEWBORN HN - 2012; use INFANT CARE 2004-2011 MH - Karyotype UI - D059785 MN - G5.360.162.679 MS - The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (From Stedman, 25th ed) HN - 2012 FX - Karyotyping MH - Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome UI - D059885 MN - C4.557.645.375.617 MN - C15.378.140.855.645 MS - Rapidly growing vascular lesion along the midline axis of the neck, upper trunk, and extremities that is characterized by CONSUMPTION COAGULOPATHY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. It is often associated with infantile Kaposiform HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA and other vascular tumors such as tufted ANGIOMA. HN - 2012 BX - Hemangioma Thrombocytopenia Syndrome BX - Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon BX - Thrombocytopenia-Hemangioma Syndrome MH - Kisspeptins UI - D059648 MN - D12.644.276.836 MN - D12.644.400.430 MN - D12.776.624.776.546 MS - Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION. HN - 2012 MH - Laboratory Personnel UI - D059232 MN - M1.526.502 MS - Professionals, technicians, and assistants staffing LABORATORIES. AN - coordinate IM with type of lab or occup (IM) HN - 2012; use MEDICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL 1992-2011 BX - Laboratory Technicians MH - Lacazia UI - D060367 MN - B1.300.381.502 MS - A mitosporic ONYGENALES fungal genus. The species Lacazia loboi is the etiological agent of LOBOMYCOSIS in humans, dolphins, and other wild animals. AN - infection: coordinate IM with LOBOMYCOSIS (IM) HN - 2012 BX - Lacazia loboi MH - Lakes UI - D060106 MN - G1.311.580 MN - G16.500.275.280.500 MN - N6.230.232.500 MS - Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams. HN - 2012 MH - Laryngeal Nerve Injuries UI - D061224 MN - C8.360.424 MN - C9.400.424 MN - C10.292.262.937.750 MN - C10.900.300.218.887.750 MN - C26.260.237.912.750 MN - C26.915.300.400.912.750 MS - Traumatic injuries to the LARYNGEAL NERVE. HN - 2012 MH - Laryngocele UI - D059608 MN - C8.360.549 MN - C8.695.520 MN - C9.400.549 MN - C16.131.740.650 MS - Congenital anomalous dilitation of the laryngeal saccule that may extend internally into the airway or externally through the thyrohyoid membrane. HN - 2012 MH - Laser Capture Microdissection UI - D061346 MN - E1.370.225.998.221.580.500 MN - E5.200.998.221.580.500 MN - E5.591.560.500 MS - Techniques using a laser to cut away and harvest a specific cell or cluster of cells from a tissue section while viewing it under the microscope. HN - 2012 MH - LIM Domain Proteins UI - D060588 MN - D12.776.512 MS - A large class of structurally-related proteins that contain one or more LIM zinc finger domains. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in intracellular signaling processes and mediate their effects via LIM domain protein-protein interactions. The name LIM is derived from the first three proteins in which the motif was found: LIN-11, Isl1 and Mec-3. HN - 2012 MH - LIM-Homeodomain Proteins UI - D060850 MN - D12.776.260.529 MN - D12.776.512.249 MS - A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate. HN - 2012 MH - Lingual Nerve Injuries UI - D061222 MN - C10.292.262.875.500 MN - C10.292.775.349.500 MN - C10.900.300.218.775.500 MN - C26.260.237.825.500 MN - C26.915.300.400.825.500 MS - Traumatic injuries to the LINGUAL NERVE. It may be a complication following dental treatments. HN - 2012 MH - Liquid Phase Microextraction UI - D059627 MN - E5.196.155.650.500 MS - Miniaturized methods of liquid-liquid extraction. HN - 2012 MH - Liquid-Liquid Extraction UI - D059625 MN - E5.196.155.650 MS - The removal of a soluble component from a liquid mixture by contact with a second liquid, immiscible with the carrier liquid, in which the component is preferentially soluble. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) HN - 2012 MH - Lobomycosis UI - D060368 MN - C1.539.800.200.475 MN - C1.703.295.475 MN - C17.800.838.208.475 MS - A chronic, fungal, subcutaneous infection endemic in rural regions in South America and Central America. The causal organism is Lacazia labol. HN - 2012 MH - Lopinavir UI - D061466 MN - D3.383.742.698.553 MS - An antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor class used as a fixed-dose combination with RITONAVIR. HN - 2012 MH - Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5 UI - D060492 MN - D12.776.526.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.500.400 MN - D12.776.543.750.962.687 MS - LDL-receptor related protein that combines with FRIZZLED RECEPTORS at the cell surface to form receptors that bind WNT PROTEINS. The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY in OSTEOBLASTS and during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2012(1998) MH - Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6 UI - D060488 MN - D12.776.526.600 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.500.600 MN - D12.776.543.750.962.781 MS - An LDL-receptor related protein that combines with cell surface FRIZZLED RECEPTORS to form WNT PROTEIN-binding receptors. The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in regulation of vascular cell proliferation. HN - 2012(1999) MH - Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms UI - D059411 MN - C23.888.942.343 MS - Symptoms of disorders of the lower urinary tract including frequency, NOCTURIA; urgency, incomplete voiding, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. They are often associated with OVERACTIVE BLADDER; URINARY INCOMPETENCE; and INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS. Lower urinary tract symptoms in males were traditionally called PROSTATISM. HN - 2012 MH - Lymphoscintigraphy UI - D061305 MN - E1.370.350.710.299 MN - E1.370.384.730.176 MS - Radionuclide imaging of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. HN - 2012 MH - Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 3 UI - D059666 MN - D12.776.395.550.550.875 MN - D12.776.543.550.527.875 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.533 MN - D23.101.100.110.533 MS - A lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein that is expressed at high levels in mature DENDRITIC CELLS. AN - note that LAMP-3 and Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 3 appear in the literature as synonyms for CD63 antigen, however they are separate and distinct proteins HN - 2012; use LYSOSOME-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS 2006-2011 MH - M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints UI - D059566 MN - G4.299.134.109.750 MN - G4.299.134.220.220.781.337 MS - The cellular signaling system that halts the progression of cells through MITOSIS or MEIOSIS if a defect that will effect CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION is detected. HN - 2012 BX - M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoint MH - Magnetic Fields UI - D060526 MN - G1.358.750 MS - Areas of attractive or repulsive force surrounding MAGNETS. HN - 2012 MH - Magnetic Phenomena UI - D060328 MN - G1.358 MS - Characteristics, properties, and effects of magnetic substances and magnetic fields. AN - general or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2012 FX - Magnetics FX - Magnetometry FX - Magnets MH - Magnetometry UI - D060306 MN - E5.540 MS - The measurement of various aspects of MAGNETIC FIELDS. HN - 2012 MH - Magnets UI - D059346 MN - J1.637.507 MS - Objects that produce a magnetic field. HN - 2012 FX - Magnetic Field Therapy FX - Magnetic Phenomena FX - Magnetics MH - Maintenance Chemotherapy UI - D060046 MN - E2.319.509 MS - Treatment designed to help prevent a relapse of a disease following the successful primary treatments (INDUCTION THERAPY and CONSOLIDATION THERAPY) with a long-term low-dose drug therapy. HN - 2012 FX - Administration, Metronomic MH - Mallory Bodies UI - D059609 MN - A11.284.420.500 MS - Cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in HEPATOCYTES. They are associated with ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS and non-alcoholic STEATOHEPATITIS, but are also present in benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms, and metabolic, toxic, and chronic cholestatic LIVER DISEASES. HN - 2012 MH - Mammaglobin A UI - D060785 MN - D12.776.861.249 MN - D23.101.840.425 MS - A secretoglobin that is produced by the MAMMARY GLAND of HUMANS and may be involved in the binding of ANDROGENS and other STEROIDS. The expression of this protein in normal breast epithelium and in human breast cancer has made it an important histological marker. HN - 2012(1996) BX - Mammaglobin-A MH - Mammaglobin B UI - D060788 MN - D12.776.861.260 MS - A MAMMAGLOBIN A-related secretoglobin that is expressed in several HUMAN tissues including the UTERUS; BREAST; SALIVARY GLAND; and LACRIMAL GLAND. HN - 2012; for LIPOPHILIN-C use SECRETOGLOBINS 2001-2011, for LACRYGLOBIN, MAMMAGLOBIN-B, and MAMMAGLOBIN-1 use SECRETOGLOBINS 2009-2011 BX - Mammaglobin-B BX - Secretoglobin family 2A member 1 MH - Masked Hypertension UI - D059468 MN - C14.907.489.861 MS - Phenomenon where increased BLOOD PRESSURE readings taken in non-clinical settings (e.g., HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING) do not replicate in clinical settings. HN - 2012 MH - Mastodynia UI - D059373 MN - C10.597.617.205 MN - C23.888.592.612.331 MN - F2.830.816.308 MN - G11.561.600.810.308 MS - Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating. HN - 2012 BX - Mastalgia MH - Mechanical Thrombolysis UI - D061185 MN - E2.631 MN - E4.100.814.842.500 MS - Procedures to cause the disintegration of THROMBI by physical interventions. AN - coordinate with disease/ ther HN - 2012 FX - Thrombolytic Therapy MH - Medical Chaperones UI - D061348 MN - M1.526.485.500 MS - Individuals who are present as a third party during medical encounters such as physical examination by a healthcare professional of an individual of the opposite sex. HN - 2012 MH - Memory, Episodic UI - D061212 MN - F2.463.425.540.254 MS - Type of declarative memory, consisting of personal memory in contrast to general knowledge. HN - 2012; use MENTAL RECALL 2010-2011 BX - Episodic Memory MH - Merkel cell polyomavirus UI - D059965 MN - B4.280.640.615.550 MS - A species of POLYOMAVIRUS suspected to be the cause of most cases of MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA, a rare but highly lethal form of skin cancer. AN - infection: coordinate IM with POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS + CARCINOMA, MERKEL CELL if pertinent HN - 2012 MH - Mesenchymal Stromal Cells UI - D059630 MN - A11.329.830.500 MS - Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic multipotential cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have been isolated from UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. AN - do not confuse with MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS; note entry term WHARTON JELLY CELLS: consider also WHARTON JELLY /cytol HN - 2012 MH - Mesorhizobium UI - D059128 MN - B3.660.50.600.500 MS - A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family PHYLLOBACTERIACEAE. They are able to invade root-hairs of a wide range of plants, inciting the production of PLANT ROOT NODULES. HN - 2012 MH - Metabolic Engineering UI - D060847 MN - E5.240.311.249 MN - E5.393.420.526 MN - J1.293.69.249.249 MS - Methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells' biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for growing the cells as BIOREACTORS. HN - 2012 MH - Metastasectomy UI - D059146 MN - E4.480 MS - Surgery to remove one or more NEOPLASM METASTASES. HN - 2012 MH - Microvascular Decompression Surgery UI - D061145 MN - E4.188.600 MN - E4.525.500 MS - Surgery performed to relieve pressure from MICROVESSELS that are located around nerves and are causing NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES. HN - 2012 MH - Mild Cognitive Impairment UI - D060825 MN - F3.87.250.700 MS - A prodromal phase of cognitive decline that may precede the emergence of ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other dementias. It may include impairment of cognition, such as impairments in language, visuospatial awareness, ATTENTION and MEMORY. HN - 2012 MH - Mirror Neurons UI - D059167 MN - A8.663.500 MN - A11.671.487 MS - Neurons that fire when an animal acts or observes the same action of another thus coding the motor response. They were originally discovered in the premotor and parietal cortex of the monkey and studies have shown that neurons that have a similar mechanism are present in humans. Mirror neurons are theorized to be related to social cognition. HN - 2012 MH - Morpholinos UI - D060172 MN - D3.383.533.640.562 MN - D13.695.578.424.337 MS - Synthetic analogs of NUCLEIC ACIDS composed of morpholine ring derivatives (MORPHOLINES) linked by phosphorodimidates. One standard DNA nucleic acid base (ADENINE; GUANINE; CYTOSINE; OR THYMINE) is bound to each morpholine ring. HN - 2012 FX - Oligonucleotides, Antisense MH - Mortality, Premature UI - D061213 MN - E5.318.308.985.550.800 MN - L1.280.975.550.800 MN - N1.224.935.698.782 MN - N6.850.505.400.975.550.800 MN - N6.850.520.308.985.550.800 MS - Deaths that occur before LIFE EXPECTANCY is reached within a given population. HN - 2012; use Mortality 1995-2011 BX - Death, Premature BX - Premature Death BX - Premature Mortality FX - Life Expectancy MH - Multidetector Computed Tomography UI - D061330 MN - E1.370.350.350.810.800.500 MN - E1.370.350.600.350.700.810.800.500 MN - E1.370.350.700.700.810.800.500 MN - E1.370.350.700.810.810.800.249 MN - E1.370.350.825.810.810.800.249 MS - Types of spiral computed tomography technology in which multiple slices of data are acquired simultaneously improving the resolution over single slice acquisition technology. HN - 2012 MH - Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction UI - D060885 MN - E5.393.620.500.487 MS - Methods for using more than one primer set in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify more than one segment of the target DNA sequence in a single reaction. HN - 2012 MH - Musculoskeletal Pain UI - D059352 MN - C10.597.617.231 MN - F2.830.816.353 MN - G11.561.600.810.353 MS - Discomfort stemming from muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones. HN - 2012 MH - Mutation Rate UI - D059645 MN - G5.355.44.250.750 MN - G5.365.590.612 MN - G16.100.178.250.750 MS - The number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, GENE, or GENOME over a specified period of time such as years, CELL DIVISIONS, or generations. HN - 2012 MH - Nacre UI - D060734 MN - D1.146.275.500 MN - D1.200.275.150.150.500 MN - D1.578.200.500 MS - A biomineral consisting of layers of crystalized ARAGONITE, separated by interlamellar layers of organic matrix containing beta-CHITIN, and surrounded by an intercrystalline organic membrane of silk fibroin. Nacre is the iridescent substance better known as mother-of-pearl that is secreted by MOLLUSCS. AN - NACRE PROTEIN, ZEBRAFISH is also available HN - 2012 MH - NADP Transhydrogenase, AB-Specific UI - D061087 MN - D8.811.682.608.540.500 MS - A NADP transhydrogenase subtype found in certain types of BACTERIA and mammalian MITOCHONDRIA. This transhydrogenase uses a mechanism that can transfer hydrogen to either side, A or B, of the NAD(+) or NADP(+) ring structure. In heart mitochondria, the enzyme is A-specific with respect to NAD(+) and B-specific with respect to NADP(+). HN - 2012 MH - NADP Transhydrogenase, B-Specific UI - D061086 MN - D8.811.682.608.540.750 MN - D12.776.97.541 MS - A NADP transhydrogenase subtype found in certain types of BACTERIA. This transhydrogenase uses a mechanism that transfers hydrogen to the B side of the NAD(+) or NADP(+) ring structure. HN - 2012 MH - Nasal Septal Perforation UI - D061270 MN - C8.460.595 MN - C9.603.588 MN - C26.670 MS - An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process. HN - 2012 MH - Nasal Surgical Procedures UI - D059747 MN - E4.580.392 MS - Surgical operations on the nose and nasal cavity. AN - for transnasal or endonasal surgery performed on areas of the body reached through the nose use NATURAL ORIFICE ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY HN - 2012 MH - Nasolabial Fold UI - D060052 MN - A1.456.505.682 MS - A skin crease on each side of the face that runs from the outer corners of the nose to the corner of the mouth. It is a common site of PLASTIC SURGERY. HN - 2012 MH - Natural Springs UI - D060985 MN - G1.311.355.750 MS - Water that emerges to the surface of the earth from underground. HN - 2012 FX - Mineral Waters MH - Neanderthals UI - D059125 MN - B1.50.150.900.649.801.400.112.400.550 MS - Common name for an extinct species of the Homo genus. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. Genetic evidence suggests that limited interbreeding with modern HUMANS (Homo sapiens) took place. AN - check the tag ANIMAL HN - 2012 BX - Homo neanderthalensis MH - Neoplasm Grading UI - D060787 MN - E1.789.612 MS - Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm. AN - IM general only; coordinate NIM with no qualifers with neoplasm terms/pathol (IM); do not confuse with NEOPLASM STAGING; grading is given in Arabic numerals, staging in Roman numerals HN - 2012 FX - Nomograms MH - Neoplasm Micrometastasis UI - D061206 MN - C4.697.650.695 MN - C23.550.727.650.695 MS - Newly arising secondary tumors so small they are difficult to detect by physical examination or routine imaging techniques. HN - 2012 MH - Neuroimaging UI - D059906 MN - E1.370.350.578 MN - E1.370.376.537 MN - E5.629 MS - Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities. AN - coordinate with specific imaging modality if appropriate HN - 2012 MH - Nociception UI - D059225 MN - F2.463.593.504.500 MS - Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN). AN - NOCICEPTIVE PAIN is also available HN - 2012 MH - Nociceptive Pain UI - D059226 MN - C10.597.617.735 MN - C23.888.592.612.720 MN - C23.888.646.511 MS - Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN. AN - NOCICEPTION is also available HN - 2012 MH - Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay UI - D059365 MN - G2.111.87.750.112 MN - G2.111.780.500 MN - G2.149.115.750.112 MN - G3.495.839.112 MN - G5.355.315.700.112 MS - An mRNA metabolic process that distinguishes a normal STOP CODON from a premature stop codon (NONSENSE CODON) and facilitates rapid degradation of aberrant mRNAs containing premature stop codons. HN - 2012 FX - RNA Cleavage MH - Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase D UI - D061107 MN - D8.811.913.696.650.550.200.500 MN - D12.776.575.781 MS - A nucleoside diphosphate kinase subtype that is localized to the intermembrane space of MITOCHONDRIA. It is believed to play a role in the synthesis of triphosphonucleotides using ATP formed through OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. HN - 2012; use NM23 NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE KINASES 2004-2011 MH - Nucleotide Motifs UI - D059372 MN - G2.111.570.80.611 MN - G2.111.570.790.486.662 MN - G5.360.80.611 MN - G5.360.580.662 MS - Commonly observed BASE SEQUENCE or nucleotide structural components which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE or a SEQUENCE LOGO. HN - 2012 FX - Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid MH - Numbers Needed To Treat UI - D061366 MN - E5.581.500.577 MN - E5.581.500.902.500 MS - Number of patients who need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome. It is the inverse of Absolute Risk Reduction. HN - 2012 MH - Obsessive Hoarding UI - D060845 MN - F3.80.600.500 MS - Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value of these possessions. Epidemiological studies suggest that hoarding occurs in 2-5% of the population and can lead to substantial distress and disability, as well as serious public health consequences. HN - 2012 BX - Hoarding MH - Occupational Injuries UI - D060051 MN - C26.716 MS - Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities. AN - coordinate IM with specific occupation (IM) and specific injury (IM) if pertinent HN - 2012 FX - Accidents, Occupational MH - Oculomotor Nerve Injuries UI - D061220 MN - C10.292.262.656 MN - C10.292.562.700.500 MN - C10.292.600.600 MN - C10.900.300.218.456 MN - C11.590.436.600 MN - C26.260.237.527 MN - C26.915.300.400.518 MS - Traumatic injuries to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. This may result in various eye movement dysfunction. HN - 2012 BX - Oculomotor Nerve Injury MH - Oil and Gas Fields UI - D061329 MN - G1.311.687 MS - Areas of the earth where hydrocarbon deposits of PETROLEUM and/or NATURAL GAS are located. HN - 2012 FX - Gas, Natural FX - Petroleum MH - Olfactory Nerve Injuries UI - D061219 MN - C10.292.262.687 MN - C10.292.650.600 MN - C10.900.300.218.487 MN - C26.260.237.568 MN - C26.915.300.400.562 MS - Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. HN - 2012 BX - Olfactory Nerve Injury MH - Ophthalmoplegic Migraine UI - D060486 MN - C10.228.140.546.399.750.725 MN - C10.292.562.750.375 MN - C10.292.675 MN - C10.314.687 MN - C10.597.622.447.600 MN - C11.590.472.375 MN - C23.888.592.636.447.600 MS - Childhood-onset of recurrent headaches with an oculomotor cranial nerve palsy. Typically, ABDUCENS NERVE; OCULOMOTOR NERVE; and TROCHLEAR NERVE are involved with DIPLOPIA and BLEPHAROPTOSIS. HN - 2012 MH - Organ Sparing Treatments UI - D059351 MN - E2.674 MS - Techniques, procedures, and therapies carried out on diseased organs in such a way to avoid complete removal of the organ and preserve the remaining organ function. HN - 2012 FX - Fertility Preservation FX - Organs at Risk MH - Osmometry UI - D061286 MN - E5.196.690 MS - Measurement of the OSMOLARITY of solutions or BODY FLUIDS. HN - 2012 MH - Osteology UI - D059166 MN - H1.158.100.720 MS - The branch of anatomy that concerns the structure and function of bones. AN - use for the discipline (education, history, etc) only HN - 2012 FX - Orthopedics MH - Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus UI - D059229 MN - E4.545.637 MN - E4.555.580.790 MN - E6.645.637 MS - Sagittal sectioning and repositioning of the ramus of the MANDIBLE to correct a mandibular retrusion (Malocclusion, Angle Class III) and PROGNATHISM. The oblique sectioning line consists of multiple cuts horizontal and vertical to the mandibular ramus. HN - 2012 MH - Otomycosis UI - D059249 MN - C1.703.658 MN - C9.218.736 MS - Fungus infection of the external ear, usually by ASPERGILLUS species AN - coordinate IM with specific fungal disease (IM) if pertinent HN - 2012 FX - Otitis Externa MH - Pain Management UI - D059408 MN - E2.745 MN - N4.590.607.500 MS - A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain. HN - 2012 FX - Chronic Disease MH - Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular UI - D059545 MN - C4.588.364.738 MN - C4.730.356 MN - C11.319.466 MS - Ocular manifestations secondary to various NEOPLASMS in which antibodies to antigens of the primary tumor cross-react with ocular antigens. This autoimmune response often leads to visual loss and other ocular dysfunctions. HN - 2012 FX - Recoverin MH - Parasite Load UI - D059208 MN - E1.370.225.932 MN - E5.200.932 MS - Measure of the number of the PARASITES present in a host organism. HN - 2012 FX - Colony Count, Microbial FX - Parasites MH - Pasteurization UI - D061352 MN - J1.576.423.200.850 MN - J1.576.423.850.700.700 MS - Treatment of food with physical methods such as heat, high pressure, radiation, or electric current to destroy organisms that cause disease or food spoilage. HN - 2012 FX - Sterilization MH - Patient Safety UI - D061214 MN - N6.850.135.60.75.399 MS - Efforts to reduce risk, to address and reduce incidents and accidents that may negatively impact healthcare consumers. HN - 2012 MH - Pedobacter UI - D060485 MN - B3.140.600 MN - B3.440.400.425.611 MS - A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Sphingobacteriaceae. They exhibit gliding motility. HN - 2012 MH - Pelvic Floor Disorders UI - D059952 MN - C12.483 MN - C13.351.625 MN - C13.703.565 MS - Injury, weakening, or PROLAPSE of the pelvic muscles, surrounding connective tissues or ligaments (PELVIC FLOOR). HN - 2012 MH - Pelvic Girdle Pain UI - D059388 MN - C10.597.617.231.500 MN - C23.888.646.587.625 MS - Discomfort associated with the bones that make up the pelvic girdle. It occurs frequently during pregnancy. HN - 2012 MH - Performance Anxiety UI - D060805 MN - F1.470.132.650 MS - Anxiety related to the execution of a task. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.) HN - 2012 MH - Peripheral Nerve Injuries UI - D059348 MN - C10.668.829.712 MN - C10.900.575 MN - C26.915.650 MS - Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES. AN - coordinate IM with specific peripheral nerve/ inj (IM) but note CRANIAL NERVE INJURIES and specifics are available HN - 2012 BX - Peripheral Nerve Injury MH - Peripheral Tolerance UI - D061166 MN - G12.425.746.425.800.600 MS - The mechanism, in peripheral lymphoid organs (LYMPH NODES; SPLEEN; TONSILS; and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue), that prevents mature lymphocytes from reacting to SELF-ANTIGENS. This is accomplished through a variety of means including CLONAL ANERGY and CLONAL DELETION. HN - 2012 MH - Peroxiredoxin III UI - D061105 MN - D8.811.682.732.850.249 MN - D12.776.575.812 MS - A THIOREDOXIN-dependent hydroperoxidase that is localized in the mitochondrial matrix. The enzyme plays a crucial role in protecting mitochondrial components from elevated levels of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. HN - 2012; use PEROXIREDOXINS 2003-2011 MH - Petroleum Pollution UI - D059392 MN - N6.850.460.660 MS - Release of oil into the environment usually due to human activity. HN - 2012 BX - Oil Pollution BX - Oil Spills MH - Petrositis UI - D059270 MN - C1.539.160.495.750 MN - C5.116.165.495.500 MN - C9.218.705.663.841 MS - Inflammation of PETROUS BONE. HN - 2012; for GRADENIGO'S SYNDROME see under OTITIS MEDIA 1963-81, use OTITIS MEDIA 1982-92 MH - Phaeohyphomycosis UI - D060446 MN - C1.539.800.200.637 MN - C1.703.295.637 MN - C1.703.726 MN - C17.800.838.208.637 MS - OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS caused by the dematiaceous (darkly pigmented) MITOSPORIC FUNGI of ALTERNARIA, Bipolaris, CLADOSPORIUM, Curvularia, and EXOPHIALA. These fungi have pigmented HYPHAE due to MELANIN in the cell wall. The initial subcutaneous cyst from the infection can become systemic and spread rapidly to renal, pulmonary and cerebral systems (see CEREBRAL PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS) in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST. HN - 2012 BX - Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis MH - Pharmaceutical Services, Online UI - D060946 MN - N2.421.668.475 MS - Pharmacy services accessed via electronic means. HN - 2012 FX - Pharmacies MH - Pharmacovigilance UI - D060735 MN - E5.337.800.600 MN - L1.453.270.600 MN - N6.850.505.636 MS - The detection of long and short term side effects of conventional and traditional medicines through research, data mining, monitoring, and evaluation of healthcare information obtained from healthcare providers and patients. HN - 2012 FX - Drug Monitoring MH - Phonons UI - D060739 MN - G1.249.675 MN - G1.750.770.776.783 MS - Quanta of acoustic energy which move at the speed of sound. HN - 2012 MH - Photoacoustic Techniques UI - D061088 MN - E1.370.565 MN - E5.696 MS - Investigative and diagnostic methods and procedures based on the photoacoustic effect, which is the generation of SOUND WAVES from the absorption of ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. AN - coordinate with specific investigative or diagnostic technique (DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; MICROSCOPY; TOMOGRAPHY; etc.) if pertinent HN - 2012 MH - Phyllobacteriaceae UI - D059127 MN - B3.660.50.600 MS - Family of gram-negative bacteria that occur in leaf nodules and the rhizosphere of higher plants. HN - 2012 MH - Physical Therapists UI - D059825 MN - M1.526.485.67.737 MN - N2.360.67.735 MS - Persons trained in PHYSICAL THERAPY (SPECIALTY) to make use of PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction of anatomic or physiologic origin. HN - 2012 MH - Piezosurgery UI - D059745 MN - E4.943.937 MS - The use of HIGH-ENERGY SHOCK WAVES, in the frequency range of 20-30 kHz, to cut through mineralized tissue. HN - 2012 MH - Pinguecula UI - D059407 MN - C11.187.631 MS - A yellowish thickened lesion on the conjunctiva near the CORNEA representing a benign degenerative change in the CONJUNCTIVA caused by the leakage and deposition of certain blood proteins through the permeable capillaries near the LIMBUS. HN - 2012 MH - Planctomycetales UI - D061328 MN - B3.440.614 MN - B3.650 MS - A phylum of gram-negative bacteria whose members are found in a variety of water habitats as well as animal tissues. HN - 2012 MH - Plant Cells UI - D059828 MN - A11.562 MS - Basic functional unit of plants. AN - General or unspecified. prefer specific plant with /cytol. HN - 2012 MH - Plant Pathology UI - D061066 MN - H1.158.273.200.675 MN - H1.158.273.540.706 MS - The study of infectious diseases associated with plants. AN - the discipline (education, history, etc) only; use PLANT DISEASES for diseases in plants; use PLANTS /microbiol or /virol for microbiologic or virologic studies of plants and do not index here HN - 2012 MH - Plyometric Exercise UI - D059385 MN - E2.779.483.812 MN - E2.831.387.812 MN - G11.427.590.530.698.277.374 MN - I3.350.374 MS - Exercises in which muscles are repeatedly and rapidly stretched, followed by shortening, concentric MUSCLE CONTRACTION (e.g. jumping and rebounding). They are designed to exert maximal force in minimal time by increasing STRETCH REFLEX. HN - 2012 MH - Polar Bodies UI - D059705 MN - A5.360.490.690.680.500 MN - A11.497.497.600.500 MS - Minute cells produced during development of an OOCYTE as it undergoes MEIOSIS. A polar body contains one of the nuclei derived from the first or second meiotic CELL DIVISION. Polar bodies have practically no CYTOPLASM. They are eventually discarded by the oocyte. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed) HN - 2012 MH - Polydipsia UI - D059606 MN - C23.550.759 MN - C23.888.663 MS - Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin. AN - Do not confuse with POLYDIPSIA, PSYCHOGENIC HN - 2012 FX - Thirst MH - Polydipsia, Psychogenic UI - D059607 MN - C23.550.759.500 MN - C23.888.663.500 MN - F1.145.126.968 MN - F1.700.812 MS - A clinical disorder characterized by excessive fluid intake (polydipsia); HYPONATREMIA; and POLYURIA in SCHIZOPHRENIA and other psychiatric disorders. Impaired water metabolism in psychogenic polydipsia can result in WATER INTOXICATION. AN - Do not confuse with POLYDIPSIA HN - 2012 MH - Polyketides UI - D061065 MN - D2.540.576 MN - D4.345.674 MS - Natural compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups (beta-polyketones), bioenergenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A via malonyl coenzyme A, in a process similar to fatty acid synthesis. HN - 2012 MH - Polyphenols UI - D059808 MN - D2.755.715 MN - D3.438.150.266.450.260.777 MS - A large class of organic compounds having more than one PHENOL group. HN - 2012 (2010) MH - Ponds UI - D061005 MN - G1.311.718 MN - G16.500.275.280.625 MN - N6.230.232.625 MS - Inland bodies of standing FRESHWATER usually smaller than LAKES. They can be man-made or natural but there is no universal agreement as to their exact size. Some consider a pond to be a small body of water that is shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom. AN - do not use for salt ponds HN - 2012 MH - Positron-Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography UI - D059628 MN - E1.370.350.350.800.700.500 MN - E1.370.350.350.810.645 MN - E1.370.350.600.350.700.810.490 MN - E1.370.350.600.350.800.399.500 MN - E1.370.350.700.700.810.645 MN - E1.370.350.700.810.810.722 MN - E1.370.350.710.800.399.500 MN - E1.370.350.825.800.399.500 MN - E1.370.350.825.810.810.699 MN - E1.370.384.730.800.399.500 MS - Techniques for the combination of overlapping POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY and X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY images. AN - coordinate with disease /radionuclide or anatomical term / radionuclide HN - 2012 BX - Integrated PET/CT MH - Postsynaptic Potential Summation UI - D059227 MN - G2.111.87.800.850.500 MN - G2.149.115.800.850.500 MN - G4.299.880.850.500 MN - G4.580.887.750 MN - G7.265.337.900.750.780 MN - G7.265.750.887.750 MN - G7.700.240.900.750.780 MN - G11.561.570.918.750 MN - G11.561.600.835.750.780 MS - Physiological integration of multiple SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL signals to reach the threshold and initiate postsynaptic ACTION POTENTIALS. In spatial summation stimulations from additional synaptic junctions are recruited to generate s response. In temporal summation succeeding stimuli signals are summed up to reach the threshold. The postsynaptic potentials can be either excitatory or inhibitory (EPSP or IPSP). HN - 2012 BX - Neurophysiology Summation MH - Potassium Ionophores UI - D061216 MN - D27.505.519.562.374.400 MN - D27.720.395.400 MS - Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to POTASSIUM ions. HN - 2012 MH - Pott Puffy Tumor UI - D059369 MN - C1.539.160.495.875 MN - C5.116.165.495.750 MN - C11.675.689 MS - Infection of the FRONTAL BONE often as a complication of FRONTAL SINUSITIS or trauma to the frontal bone and skull. It is characterized by subperiosteal abscess with OSTEOMYELITIS. AN - do not confuse with POTT DISEASE see TUBERCULOSIS, SPINAL HN - 2012 FX - Tuberculosis, Spinal MH - Pregnancy, Quadruplet UI - D059287 MN - G8.686.710.30 MS - The condition of carrying QUADRUPLETS simultaneously. AN - human only; for animals, use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE, but see note there; QUADRUPLETS is also available for the offspring; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY HN - 2012 MH - Pregnancy, Quintuplet UI - D059288 MN - G8.686.710.62 MS - The condition of carrying QUINTUPLETS simultaneously. AN - human only; for animals, use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE, but see note there; QUINTUPLETS is also available for the offspring; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY HN - 2012 MH - Pregnancy, Triplet UI - D059286 MN - G8.686.710.126 MS - The condition of carrying TRIPLETS simultaneously. AN - human only; for animals, use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE, but see note there; TRIPLETS is also available for the offspring; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY HN - 2012 MH - Pregnancy, Twin UI - D059285 MN - G8.686.710.253 MS - The condition of carrying TWINS simultaneously. AN - human only; for animals, use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE, but see note there; TWINS is also available for the offspring; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY HN - 2012 MH - Primary Cell Culture UI - D061251 MN - E1.370.225.500.223.500 MN - E5.200.500.223.500 MN - E5.240.249.500 MN - E5.242.223.500 MS - The initial culturing of cells derived directly from fresh TISSUES. HN - 2012; use CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES 2005-2011 MH - Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein UI - D061027 MN - D12.776.467.150.800 MN - D12.776.543.95.800 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.276.800 MN - D23.50.301.285.800 MN - D23.101.100.110.276.800 MN - D23.529.168.800 MS - A costimulatory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 RECEPTOR. It is closely-related to CD274 antigen; however, its expression is restricted to DENDRITIC CELLS and activated MACROPHAGES. HN - 2012(2001) MH - Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor UI - D061026 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.222.875 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.588 MN - D23.50.301.264.894.790 MN - D23.101.100.110.588 MN - D23.101.100.894.790 MS - An inhibitory T-lymphocyte receptor that has specificity for CD274 ANTIGEN and PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 LIGAND 2 PROTEIN. Signaling by the receptor limits T cell proliferation and INTERFERON GAMMA synthesis. The receptor also may play an essential role in the regulatory pathway that induces PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. HN - 2012 BX - Programmed Cell Death 1 Protein MH - Pronephros UI - D060910 MN - A16.835 MS - The primordial kidney that develops from the INTERMEDIATE MESODERM in the embryos of vertebrates, and is succeeded by the MESONEPHROS. In higher vertebrates and humans, the pronephros is a vestigial and transient structure. HN - 2012 MH - Prostatein UI - D060789 MN - D12.776.861.311 MS - A secreted prostate-specific protein which can bind non-polar steroids, cholesterol and a group of small, proline-rich peptides. The protein is specifically found in RATS and comprises three distinct secretoglobin-related subunits referred to as prostatic steroid-binding protein C1, C2 and C3. HN - 2012 MH - Prosthesis Retention UI - D060489 MN - E2.794.500 MS - Holding a PROSTHESIS in place. AN - coordinate with specific prosthesis with no qualifiers; DENTAL PROSTHESIS RETENTION is also available HN - 2012 FX - Dental Prosthesis Retention FX - Prostheses and Implants FX - Prosthesis Failure MH - Protein Interaction Maps UI - D060066 MN - G3.495.553.750 MS - Graphs representing sets of measurable, non-covalent physical contacts with specific PROTEINS in living organisms or in cells. HN - 2012; for PROTEIN INTERACTION MAPS use PROTEIN INTERACTION MAPPING 2002-2011 BX - Protein-Protein Interaction Map FX - Gene Regulatory Networks FX - Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs FX - Protein Interaction Mapping MH - Proteolysis UI - D059748 MN - G2.111.87.710 MN - G2.149.115.710 MN - G3.495.802 MS - Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational. HN - 2012 MH - Proton Ionophores UI - D061209 MN - D27.505.519.389.936.500 MN - D27.505.519.562.374.500 MN - D27.720.395.500 MS - Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to PROTONS. HN - 2012 MH - Pudendal Nerve UI - D060525 MN - A8.800.800.720.450.680 MS - A nerve which originates in the sacral spinal cord (S2 to S4) and innervates the PERINEUM, the external GENITALIA, the external ANAL SPHINCTER and the external urethral sphincter. It has three major branches: the perineal nerve, inferior anal nerves, and the dorsal nerve of penis or clitoris. AN - do not confuse with PERONEAL NERVE HN - 2012 FX - Peroneal Nerve MH - Pudendal Neuralgia UI - D060545 MN - C10.597.617.682.737 MN - C10.668.829.550.650 MN - C10.668.829.600.737 MN - C23.888.592.612.664.737 MN - C23.888.646.508.737 MS - Pain associated with a damaged PUDENDAL NERVE. Clinical features may include positional pain with sitting in the perineal and genital areas, sexual dysfunction and FECAL INCONTINENCE and URINARY INCONTINENCE. HN - 2012 BX - Neuralgia, Pudendal MH - Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment UI - D061208 MN - E2.342.671 MN - E2.779.468.599 MS - The application, via IMPLANTED ELECTRODES, of short bursts of electrical energy in the radiofrequency range, interspersed with pauses in delivery of the current long enough to dissipate the generated heat and avoid heat-induced tissue necrosis. HN - 2012 MH - Radiostereometric Analysis UI - D059869 MN - E1.370.350.600.630.750 MN - E1.370.350.700.750 MS - Methods for performing three-dimensional measurement and motion analysis using stereoscopic radiographs. HN - 2012 MH - Radiotherapy Setup Errors UI - D061106 MN - E2.815.565 MN - N2.421.450.800 MS - Mistakes committed in the preparations for radiotherapy, including errors in positioning of patients, alignment radiation beams, or calculation of radiation doses. HN - 2012 FX - Organs at Risk MH - Radiotherapy, Image-Guided UI - D061089 MN - E2.815.768 MS - The use of pre-treament imaging modalities to position the patient, delineate the target, and align the beam of radiation to achieve optimal accuracy and reduce radiation damage to surrounding non-target tissues. HN - 2012 FX - Fiducial Markers FX - Patient Positioning MH - Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction UI - D060888 MN - E5.393.620.500.706 MS - Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction. AN - RT-PCR in the literature is probably REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION not this term; check text HN - 2012 MH - Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor UI - D060285 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.656 MN - D12.776.543.750.67 MS - Cell surface receptors for AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR, which is the secreted form of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE. The receptor has an unusual composition in that it shares some structural similarities with G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS and functions as an ubiquitin protein ligase when internalized. HN - 2012(1991) MH - Receptors, Wnt UI - D060490 MN - D12.776.543.750.962 MS - Cell-surface receptors that specifically bind to WNT PROTEINS and activate the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. HN - 2012 MH - Recombinational DNA Repair UI - D059767 MN - G2.111.87.219.700 MN - G2.149.115.219.700 MN - G5.355.195.700 MN - G5.355.760.615.612 MS - Repair of DNA DAMAGE by exchange of DNA between matching sequences, usually between the allelic DNA (ALLELES) of sister chromatids. HN - 2012 BX - Homologous Recombination DNA Repair BX - Homologous Recombination Repair of DNA BX - Homology-Directed dsDNA Break Repair MH - Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries UI - D061226 MN - C8.360.424.500 MN - C9.400.424.500 MN - C10.292.262.937.750.500 MN - C10.900.300.218.887.750.500 MN - C26.260.237.912.750.500 MN - C26.915.300.400.912.750.500 MS - Traumatic injuries to the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE that may result in vocal cord dysfunction. HN - 2012 MH - Reflex, Trigeminocardiac UI - D059230 MN - G11.561.600.765.781 MS - Sudden occurrence of BRADYCARDIA or HEART ARREST induced by manipulations of the MAXILLARY NERVE AND MANDIBULAR NERVE during a craniomaxillofacial or oral surgery. It is the maxillary and mandibular variants of OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX. HN - 2012 MH - Remuneration UI - D060926 MN - N1.824.417.605 MS - Payment for a service or for a commodity such as a body part. HN - 2012; use FEES AND CHARGES 1993-2011 MH - Renal Nutcracker Syndrome UI - D059228 MN - C12.777.419.787 MN - C13.351.968.419.787 MS - Left RENAL VEIN compression between the AORTA, ABDOMINAL and the SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY. Variable symptoms include HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR; HEMATURIA; and VARICOSE VEINS. HN - 2012 FX - Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome MH - Renewable Energy UI - D059205 MN - N6.230.132.644 MS - Forms of energy that are constantly and rapidly renewed by natural processes such as solar, ocean wave, and wind energy. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) HN - 2012 MH - Repetition Priming UI - D060865 MN - F2.463.425.540.739 MS - A type of procedural memory manifested as a change in the ability to identify an item as a result of a previous encounter with the item or stimuli. HN - 2012 MH - Reproductive Health UI - D060728 MN - N1.400.625 MS - The status of one's reproductive system and its function. HN - 2012; use Reproductive Medicine 1995-2011 FX - Reproductive Medicine MH - Reproductive Isolation UI - D060047 MN - G5.355.44.675 MN - G16.100.178.802 MS - Mechanisms that prevent different populations from exchanging genes (GENE FLOW), resulting in or maintaining GENETIC SPECIATION. It can either prevent mating to take place or ensure that any offspring produced is either inviable or sterile, thereby preventing further REPRODUCTION. AN - permitted with animals, plants and microorganisms HN - 2012 MH - Reproductive Tract Infections UI - D060737 MN - C1.539.730 MN - C12.294.604 MN - C13.351.500.630 MS - Infections of the genital tract in females or males. They can be caused by endogenous, iatrogenic, or sexually transmitted organisms. HN - 2012 FX - Sexually Transmitted Diseases MH - Reverse Genetics UI - D059386 MN - E5.393.731 MS - The use of techniques that produce a functional MUTATION or an effect on GENE EXPRESSION of a specific gene of interest in order to identify the role or activity of the gene product of that gene. HN - 2012 MH - Riemerella UI - D060494 MN - B3.140.190.700 MN - B3.440.400.425.310.700 MS - A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE that causes exudative SEPTICEMIA in ducks, pigeons, and other domestic and wild birds. AN - infection: coordinate IM with FLAVOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2012 MH - RNA Cleavage UI - D059367 MN - G2.111.87.723 MN - G2.149.115.723 MN - G5.355.780 MS - A reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of RNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic. HN - 2012 FX - Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay FX - RNA Splicing FX - RNA Stability MH - RNA Folding UI - D059370 MN - G1.154.100.820 MN - G1.595.100.820 MN - G2.111.87.736 MN - G2.111.570.790.486.718 MN - G2.149.115.736 MN - G5.360.580.718 MS - The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation. HN - 2012 FX - Nucleic Acid Conformation MH - RNA Isoforms UI - D059368 MN - D13.444.735.64 MS - The different gene transcripts generated from a single gene by RNA EDITING or ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of RNA PRECURSORS. HN - 2012 MH - Root Cause Analysis UI - D060891 MN - N5.715.360.700 MS - Multi-step systematic review process used for improving safety by investigation of incidents to find what happened, why it happened, and to determine what can be done to prevent it from happening again. HN - 2012 MH - S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints UI - D059807 MN - G4.299.134.109.875 MN - G4.299.134.500.800.500 MS - Cell regulatory signaling system that controls progression through S PHASE and stabilizes the replication forks during conditions that could affect the fidelity of DNA REPLICATION, such as DNA DAMAGE or depletion of nucleotide pools. AN - suggestion for AN: coordinate with specific process of if pertinent. for example DNA DAMAGE for "S phase DNA damage checkpoint" HN - 2012 BX - S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoint BX - S Phase Checkpoint MH - Scopulariopsis UI - D060645 MN - B1.300.381.802 MS - A mitosporic fungal genus commonly found in soil. It includes both saprophytes and animal pathogens. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and related species may convert ARSENIC to volatile and toxic arsine. ONYCHOMYCOSIS and rarely BRAIN ABSCESS; MYCETOMA, and disseminated infections mainly in the IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS are associated with Scopulariopsis. AN - infection: coordinate IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM) HN - 2012 MH - Secretoglobins UI - D060765 MN - D12.776.861 MS - A structurally-related family of small, multimeric proteins that are secreted in the mucosa of mammalian epithelial tissues. A variety of proteins are classed under this heading including some secretoglobin subtypes that appear unique to a particular mammalian species, and others whose functions differ between species. HN - 2012 MH - Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants UI - D060436 MN - G15.744.875 MS - One of many different processes which occur in ANGIOSPERMS by which genetic diversity is maintained while INBREEDING is prevented. HN - 2012 MH - Sense of Coherence UI - D060685 MN - F1.58.788 MN - F1.752.747.792.925 MS - A view of the world and the individual's environment as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful, claiming that the way people view their life has a positive influence on their health. HN - 2012 MH - Serotonergic Neurons UI - D059326 MN - A8.663.895 MN - A11.671.895 MS - Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN. HN - 2012 MH - Sex Workers UI - D060386 MN - M1.776 MS - People who engage in occupational sexual behavior in exchange for economic rewards or other extrinsic considerations. HN - 2012 MH - Signal-To-Noise Ratio UI - D059629 MN - E5.318.740.872.875 MN - E5.318.780.800.875 MN - G17.800.500 MN - N5.715.360.750.725.750 MN - N5.715.360.780.700.840 MN - N6.850.520.445.800.875 MN - N6.850.520.830.872.750 MS - The comparison of the quantity of meaningful data to the irrelevant or incorrect data. HN - 2012 MH - Sinus Floor Augmentation UI - D059546 MN - E4.545.668 MN - E4.555.130.550 MN - E6.645.668 MS - Guided BONE TRANSPLANTATION of the MAXILLARY SINUS surface with a BONE SUBSTITUTE grafting. It increases the bone volume at the site of the DENTAL IMPLANT and helps stabilize it. HN - 2012 MH - Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses UI - D060048 MN - C5.116.99.708.928 MN - C5.116.425.500 MS - A developmental deformity in which the metaphysis of the FEMUR moves proximally and anteriorly away from FEMUR HEAD (epiphysis) at the upper GROWTH PLATE. It is most common in male adolescents and is associated with a greater risk of early OSTEOARTHRITIS of the hip. HN - 2012 BX - Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis FX - Coxa Vara MH - Social Media UI - D061108 MN - L1.224.230.110.500.750 MS - Platforms that provide the ability and tools to create and publish information accessed via the INTERNET. Generally these platforms have three characteristics with content user generated, high degree of interaction between creator and viewer, and easily integrated with other sites. HN - 2012 MH - Social Networking UI - D060756 MN - F1.145.209.818 MN - L1.143.910 MS - Individuals connecting by family, work or other interests. It also includes connectivity facilitated by computer-based communications. AN - do not confuse with SOCIAL NETWORKS see SOCIAL SUPPORT HN - 2012 MH - Sodium Ionophores UI - D061210 MN - D27.505.519.562.374.750 MN - D27.720.395.750 MS - Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to SODIUM ions. HN - 2012 MH - Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters UI - D060347 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.500.687.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.405 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.500.812.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.531 MS - Membrane transport proteins that actively co-transport ASCORBIC ACID and sodium ions across the CELL MEMBRANE. Dietary absorption of VITAMIN C is highly dependent upon this class of transporters and a subset of SODIUM GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS which transport the oxidized form of vitamin C, DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID. HN - 2012(1999) MH - Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques UI - D060327 MN - E5.916.39.500 MN - E5.916.840 MN - G2.607.750.155.500 MN - J1.897.836.249.500 MS - Techniques used to synthesize chemicals using molecular substrates that are bound to a solid surface. Typically a series of reactions are conducted on the bound substrate that results in either the covalent attachment of specific moieties or the modification of existing function groups. These techniques offer an advantage to those involving solution reactions in that the substrate compound does not have to be isolated and purified between the reaction steps. HN - 2012 BX - Solid-Phase Synthesis MH - Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block UI - D059387 MN - E3.155.86.711.299.500 MN - E4.525.210.550.500.500 MS - Method of treating pain associated with the sphenopalatine ganglion located in the PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA, posterior to the middle nasal turbinate. The transnasal approach involves application of suitable local anesthetic to the mucous membrane overlying the ganglion. HN - 2012 MH - Stereocilia UI - D059547 MN - A11.284.180.800 MS - Mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. They have various functions in many different animals, but are primarily used in hearing. HN - 2012 FX - Hair Cells, Ampulla FX - Hair Cells, Auditory FX - Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner FX - Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer FX - Hair Cells, Vestibular MH - Stroke, Lacunar UI - D059409 MN - C10.228.140.300.275.800 MN - C10.228.140.300.775.600 MN - C14.907.253.329.800 MN - C14.907.253.855.600 MS - Stroke caused by lacunar infarction or other small vessel diseases of the brain. It features hemiparesis (see PARESIS), hemisensory, or hemisensory motor loss. HN - 2012; for Infarction, Lacunar use BRAIN INFARCTION 2000-2011 BX - Infarction, Lacunar MH - Sun Protection Factor UI - D059405 MN - E5.196.867.917 MN - E5.799.890 MS - A measure of relative protection provided by SUNSCREENING AGENTS against burns due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from a light source. HN - 2012 FX - Sunscreening Agents MH - Support Vector Machines UI - D060388 MN - L1.224.50.500 MN - L1.224.65.815 MN - L1.725.750 MS - Learning algorithms which are a set of related supervised computer learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and used for classification and regression analysis. HN - 2012 MH - Supraglottitis UI - D059525 MN - C8.360.840 MN - C8.730.798 MN - C9.400.840 MS - Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS and supraglottic structures including the PHARYNX; UVULA; base of tongue; and aryepiglottic folds. It is usually caused by HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE in children but often by different organisms in adults. HN - 2012 MH - Sympatry UI - D061350 MN - G5.910 MS - In evolutionary theory, overlapping geographic distribution of diverging species. In sympatric GENETIC SPECIATION, genetic diversion occurs without geographic separation. AN - for sympatric speciation, coordinate with GENETIC SPECIATION HN - 2012 MH - Tachypnea UI - D059246 MN - C8.618.961 MN - C23.888.852.944 MS - Increased RESPIRATORY RATE. HN - 2012 MH - Telescopes UI - D061351 MN - E7.632.875 MS - Instruments used to observe distant objects. HN - 2012 MH - Telomere Homeostasis UI - D059505 MN - G4.299.134.220.625 MN - G4.299.233.750.500.500 MN - G5.355.105.610 MN - G7.700.320.249.410.750.500.750 MS - Maintenance of TELOMERE length. During DNA REPLICATION, chromosome ends loose some of their telomere sequence (TELOMERE SHORTENING.) Various cellular mechanism are involved in repairing, extending, and recapping the telomere ends. HN - 2012 FX - Telomerase FX - Telomere Shortening FX - Telomere-Binding Proteins MH - Telomere Shortening UI - D059506 MN - G2.111.87.222.940 MN - G2.149.115.222.940 MN - G4.299.119.630 MN - G5.355.200.940 MS - The loss of some TELOMERE sequence during DNA REPLICATION of the first several base pairs of a linear DNA molecule; or from DNA DAMAGE. Cells have various mechanisms to restore length (TELOMERE HOMEOSTASIS.) Telomere shortening is involved in the progression of CELL AGING. HN - 2012 FX - Telomere Homeostasis MH - Tenacibaculum UI - D060493 MN - B3.140.190.800 MN - B3.440.400.425.310.800 MS - A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE. Tenacibaculum adheres to surfaces of marine organisms and is pathogenic to fish. AN - infection: coordinate IM with FLAVOBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2012 MH - Tetraspanins UI - D059470 MN - D12.776.543.982 MS - A large superfamily of cell surface membrane proteins characterized by their four transmembrane domains. They play a role in a variety of processes such as cellular adhesion and motility. They may be involved in the organization of cell surface MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS that regulate the activation of LEUKOCYTES. AN - general or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2012 MH - Text Messaging UI - D060145 MN - L1.143.506.423.906.377.666 MN - L1.178.847.698.300.500 MS - Communication between CELL PHONE users via the Short Message Service protocol which allows the interchange of short written messages. HN - 2012 MH - Therapeutic Occlusion UI - D060205 MN - E2.926 MS - Methods used to temporarily or permanently block the flow of BODY FLUIDS through various ducts and tubules throughout the body, including BLOOD VESSELS and LYMPHATIC VESSELS such as by THERAPEUTIC EMBOLIZATION or LIGATION. HN - 2012 MH - Therapy with Helminths UI - D061147 MN - E2.960 MS - The treatment of immune system diseases by deliberate infestation with helminths. This therapy is partly based on the HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS which states that the absence of parasites increases immune dysregulation because of the lack of stimulation of REGULATORY T-CELLS. HN - 2012 BX - Helminthic Therapy FX - Hygiene Hypothesis MH - Thylakoid Membrane Proteins UI - D060431 MN - D12.776.183.750 MN - D12.776.543.983 MN - D12.776.765.199.750 MS - Proteins found within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of photosynthetic organisms such as PLANTS and PHYTOPLANKTON. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS and the generation of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. HN - 2012 MH - Thymocytes UI - D060168 MN - A11.118.637.555.567.569.360.800 MN - A11.148.378.294.750.800 MN - A11.872.378.294.750.800 MN - A11.900 MS - HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS that have migrated to the THYMUS where they differentiate into T-LYMPHOCYTES. Thymocytes are classified into maturational stages based on the expression of CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS. HN - 2012 MH - Thysanoptera UI - D061149 MN - B1.50.500.131.617.800 MS - An order of very small, fringed-wing INSECTS including many agricultural pests. AN - for killing THYSANOPTERA with insecticides, see note at INSECTICIDES HN - 2012 MH - Tobacco Use Cessation Products UI - D061485 MN - J1.637.847 MS - Items used to aid in ending a TOBACCO habit. HN - 2012 FX - Tobacco Use Cessation MH - Torso UI - D060726 MN - A1.923 MS - The central part of the body to which the neck and limbs are attached. AN - do not confuse with torso protein often referred to as "torso"; "trunk" in reference to the main part of the body goes here HN - 2012 MH - Total Disc Replacement UI - D059145 MN - E4.555.110.110.850 MN - E4.650.110.850 MS - The replacement of intervertebral discs in the spinal column with aritificial devices. The procedure is done in the lumbar or cervical spine to relieve severe pain resulting from INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION. HN - 2012 MH - Toxicity Tests, Subacute UI - D059551 MN - E5.940.850 MS - Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a short-term (a few weeks) exposure to a chemical or chemicals. AN - ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS is also available HN - 2012 MH - Toxicity Tests, Subchronic UI - D059550 MN - E5.940.900 MS - Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of mid-term (a few months) exposure to a chemical or chemicals. AN - TOXICITY TESTS, CHRONIC is also available HN - 2012 MH - Transcriptome UI - D059467 MN - G2.111.87.847.750 MN - G2.149.115.847.750 MN - G5.355.310.700.750 MN - G5.360.920 MS - The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION, at the level of genetic transcription, in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells. HN - 2012; use GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING 2006-2011 BX - Transcriptomes FX - Exome FX - Gene Expression Profiling MH - Transferrins UI - D061250 MN - D12.776.157.427.750 MN - D12.776.556.579.750 MS - A group of iron-binding proteins that tightly bind two ferrate ions along with two carbonate ions. They are found in the bodily fluids of vertebrates where they act as transport and storage molecules for iron. AN - TRANSFERRIN is also available HN - 2012 MH - Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn UI - D059245 MN - C8.381.842.737 MN - C8.618.842.737 MN - C8.618.961.500 MN - C16.614.521.563.737 MN - C23.888.852.944.500 MS - Abnormal increase in RESPIRATORY RATE in the newborn. It is self-limiting and attributed to the delayed fetal lung fluid clearance often in CAESAREAN SECTION delivery. AN - check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN HN - 2012 MH - Transition to Adult Care UI - D060305 MN - N2.421.912 MN - N4.590.233.727.210.500 MS - Transfer from pediatric to adult care. HN - 2012 MH - Transplant Donor Site UI - D060053 MN - A1.935 MS - The body location or part from which tissue is taken for TRANSPLANTATION. HN - 2012 FX - Tissue Donors MH - Trichosporonosis UI - D060586 MN - C1.703.875 MN - C8.381.483.125.841 MN - C8.674.55.682 MN - C20.543.480.680.75.682 MS - Fungal infections caused by TRICHOSPORON that may become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST. Clinical manifestations range from superficial cutaneous infections to systemic lesions in multiple organs. HN - 2012 MH - Trigeminal Nerve Injuries UI - D061221 MN - C10.292.262.875 MN - C10.292.775.349 MN - C10.900.300.218.775 MN - C26.260.237.825 MN - C26.915.300.400.825 MS - Traumatic injuries to the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. It may result in extreme pain, abnormal sensation in the areas the nerve innervates on face, jaw, gums and tongue and can cause difficulties with speech and chewing. It is sometimes associated with various dental treatments. HN - 2012 MH - Trigger Points UI - D061028 MN - A1.947 MS - Specific locations in the body which when stimulated will give rise to sensations or symptoms elsewhere in the body. AN - for trigger point injections, coordinate with INJECTIONS or specifics HN - 2012 FX - Acupuncture Points MH - Trochlear Nerve Injuries UI - D061247 MN - C10.292.262.906 MN - C10.900.300.218.831 MN - C26.260.237.868 MN - C26.915.300.400.868 MS - Traumatic injuries to the TROCHLEAR NERVE. HN - 2012 MH - Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures UI - D059708 MN - E4.943 MS - The use of HIGH-ENERGY SHOCK WAVES, in the frequency range of 20-60 kHz, to cut through or remove tissue. The tissue fragmentation by ultrasonic surgical instruments is caused by mechanical effects not heat as with HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ABLATION. HN - 2012 FX - Ultrasonic Therapy MH - Unrelated Donors UI - D061349 MN - M1.898.828 MS - Providers of tissues for transplant to non-related individuals. HN - 2012 MH - Urine Specimen Collection UI - D059349 MN - E1.370.225.998.762 MN - E5.200.998.762 MS - Methods or procedures used to obtain samples of URINE. HN - 2012 MH - Uroplakin Ia UI - D060167 MN - D12.776.395.550.942.100 MN - D12.776.543.550.942.100 MN - D12.776.543.982.750 MS - A tetraspanin domain-containing uroplakin subtype. It heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN II to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells. HN - 2012 MH - Uroplakin Ib UI - D060169 MN - D12.776.395.550.942.150 MN - D12.776.543.550.942.150 MN - D12.776.543.982.875 MS - A tetraspanin domain-containing uroplakin subtype. It heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN III to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells. HN - 2012 MH - Uroplakin II UI - D060170 MN - D12.776.395.550.942.200 MN - D12.776.543.550.942.200 MS - A uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN IA to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells. HN - 2012(1994) MH - Uroplakin III UI - D060171 MN - D12.776.395.550.942.300 MN - D12.776.543.550.942.300 MS - A uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN IB to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells. HN - 2012(1994) MH - Uroplakins UI - D060165 MN - D12.776.395.550.942 MN - D12.776.543.550.942 MS - Specialized membrane glycoproteins that are found on UROTHELIUM cells. They associate into a hexagonal array of 16-nm cell surface particles which form the asymmetric unit membrane of urothelial plaques. AN - general or unspecified; prefer specifics HN - 2012 MH - Uterine Retroversion UI - D060725 MN - C13.351.500.852.952 MN - C23.300.970.750 MS - A condition in which the UTERUS is found tilted backward toward the spine. The uterus is more commonly found in a straight vertical or anteverted (tipped forward) position. Although retroverted uterus is a normal variant position without symptoms, it is sometimes associated with pain, discomfort and other pregnancy complications. AN - coordinate with OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS if pertinent HN - 2012 MH - V(D)J Recombination UI - D060152 MN - G5.355.330.900 MN - G5.355.760.932 MS - The process by which the V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) segments of IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES or T-CELL RECEPTOR GENES are assembled during the development of LYMPHOID CELLS using NONHOMOLOGOUS DNA END-JOINING. HN - 2012 FX - VDJ Exons FX - VDJ Recombinases MH - V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1 UI - D060907 MN - D12.776.467.150.900 MN - D12.776.543.95.900 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.276.900 MN - D23.50.301.285.900 MN - D23.101.100.110.276.900 MN - D23.529.168.900 MS - A B7 antigen subtype that inhibits the costimulation of T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine production and development of cytotoxicity. The over expression of this protein in a variety of tumor cell types suggests its role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION. HN - 2012 MH - Vagus Nerve Injuries UI - D061223 MN - C10.292.262.937 MN - C10.292.887.399 MN - C10.900.300.218.887 MN - C26.260.237.912 MN - C26.915.300.400.912 MS - Traumatic injuries to the VAGUS NERVE. Because the vagus nerve innervates multiple organs, injuries in the nerve fibers may result in any gastrointestinal organ dysfunction downstream of the injury site. HN - 2012 MH - Vascular Calcification UI - D061205 MN - C18.452.174.130.780 MS - Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS. HN - 2012 MH - Vascular Stiffness UI - D059289 MN - G9.330.79 MS - Loss of vascular ELASTICITY due to factors such as AGING; and ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Increased arterial stiffness is one of the RISK FACTORS for many CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. HN - 2012 BX - Arterial Stiffness FX - Vascular Calcification MH - Verrucomicrobia UI - D061327 MN - B3.440.930 MN - B3.950 MS - A phylum of gram-negative bacteria containing seven class-level groups from a wide variety of environments. Most members are chemoheterotrophs. HN - 2012 MH - Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries UI - D061285 MN - C9.218.807.800.918 MN - C10.292.262.968 MN - C10.292.910.925 MN - C10.900.300.218.943 MN - C26.260.237.956 MN - C26.915.300.400.956 MS - Traumatic injuries to the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. HN - 2012 MH - Visceral Pain UI - D059265 MN - C10.597.617.735.500 MN - C23.888.592.612.720.500 MN - C23.888.646.511.500 MS - Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN. HN - 2012 MH - Water Quality UI - D060753 MN - N6.850.460.350.80.750 MN - N6.850.460.790.730 MN - N6.850.860.510.915.950 MS - A rating of a body of water based on measurable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. HN - 2012 MH - Water Wells UI - D060986 MN - G1.311.355.875 MN - N6.850.860.510.915.975 MS - Constructions built to access underground water. HN - 2012 MH - Weight Reduction Programs UI - D061217 MN - N2.370.650 MN - N2.421.726.507.650 MS - Services providing counseling and activities that help overweight individuals to attain a more healthy body weight. HN - 2012 FX - Diet, Reducing MH - Wharton Jelly UI - D059631 MN - A10.165.970 MS - Jelly-like connective tissue of the UMBILICAL CORD that contains MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS. AN - /cytol: consider also WHARTON JELLY CELLS see MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS HN - 2012 MH - White Coat Hypertension UI - D059466 MN - C14.907.489.907 MS - Phenomenon where BLOOD PRESSURE readings are elevated only when taken in clinical settings. HN - 2012 BX - White Coat Syndrome MH - Wnt Signaling Pathway UI - D060449 MN - G2.149.115.800.925 MS - A complex signaling pathway whose name is derived from the DROSOPHILA Wg gene, which when mutated results in the wingless phenotype, and the vertebrate INT gene, which is located near integration sites of MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS. The signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of WNT PROTEINS to cells surface WNT RECEPTORS which interact with the AXIN SIGNALING COMPLEX and an array of second messengers that influence the actions of BETA CATENIN. HN - 2012 MH - Wnt3 Protein UI - D060508 MN - D12.776.467.984.300 MN - D23.529.984.300 MS - A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans. HN - 2012(1990) BX - Wnt3 Proteins MH - Wnt3A Protein UI - D060509 MN - D12.776.467.984.350 MN - D23.529.984.350 MS - A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. HN - 2012; use WNT3 PROTEIN 1990-2011 MH - Wnt4 Protein UI - D060528 MN - D12.776.467.984.400 MN - D23.529.984.400 MS - A Wnt protein that is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes such as the formation of the KIDNEY; ADRENAL GLANDS; MAMMARY GLANDS; the PITUITARY GLAND; and the female reproductive system. Defects in WNT4 are a cause of ROKITANSKY KUSTER HAUSER SYNDROME. HN - 2012(1994) BX - Wnt-4 Proteins MH - Zyxin UI - D060589 MN - D12.776.220.995 MN - D12.776.512.500 MN - D12.776.744.962 MS - A zinc-binding phosphoprotein that concentrates at focal adhesions and along the actin cytoskeleton. Zyxin has an N-terminal proline-rich domain and three LIM domains in its C-terminal half. HN - 2012