NEW (2006) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 9/3/2005) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 935 MH - 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase UI - D051103 MN - D8.811.913.50.173 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits. HN - 2006(1980); use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1973-1979, use COENZYME A & PHOSPHOLIPIDS 1973-1978 MH - 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase UI - D050842 MN - D8.811.682.662.693 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. Defects in the enzyme are the cause of hyperprolinemia II. HN - 2006(1981) MH - 2-Aminoadipate Transaminase UI - D051307 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.120 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE. HN - 2006(1983) MH - 2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Acylating) UI - D050645 MN - D8.811.682.657.350.825 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate to 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. It plays a role in the degradation of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE. HN - 2006(1980); use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.6. HN - 2006(1980); use ANTHRANILIC ACID 1974-1979 MH - 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase UI - D050539 MN - D8.811.682.47.500 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE. HN - 2006(1980); use DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS 1970-1979 MH - 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase UI - D051229 MN - D8.811.913.225.735 MS - An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS. HN - 2006(1980); use ALKYL AND ARYL TRANSFERASES ALKYL, PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE & SHIKIMIC ACID 1973-1979 MH - Abdominal Fat UI - D050153 MN - A10.165.114.160 MS - Fatty tissue in the region of the ABDOMEN. It includes the ABDOMINAL SUBCUTANEOUS FAT and the INTRA-ABDOMINAL FAT. HN - 2006 BX - Adipose Tissue, Abdominal MH - ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma UI - D049913 MN - C4.557.470.35.12 MN - C4.588.322.609.145 MN - C10.228.140.617.738.675.149 MN - C19.344.609.145 MN - C19.700.734.145 MS - A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE. AN - coordinate IM with ADENOMA (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Corticotroph Adenoma BX - Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting BX - Pituitary Corticotropin-Secreting Adenoma MH - Actin Capping Proteins UI - D051344 MN - D5.750.78.730.32 MN - D12.776.220.525.32 MS - Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization. HN - 2006(1981) BX - Actin-Capping Proteins MH - Actin Depolymerizing Factors UI - D051339 MN - D5.750.78.730.212 MN - D12.776.220.525.212 MS - A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation. HN - 2006(1981) BX - Cofilins MH - Actin-Related Protein 2 UI - D051377 MN - D5.750.78.730.246.500 MN - D12.776.220.525.246.500 MS - A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex UI - D051376 MN - D5.750.78.730.246 MN - D12.776.220.525.246 MS - A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments. HN - 2006 BX - Arp2-3 Complex MH - Actin-Related Protein 3 UI - D051378 MN - D5.750.78.730.246.750 MN - D12.776.220.525.246.750 MS - A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 1 UI - D051697 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.500 MS - An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 2 UI - D051698 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.750 MS - An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of GENES including C-JUN GENES; CYCLIN A; CYCLIN D1; and ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 3 UI - D051700 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.875 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.875 MS - An activating transcription factor that plays a key role in cellular responses to GENOTOXIC STRESS and OXIDATIVE STRESS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 4 UI - D051701 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.937 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.937 MS - An activating transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of GENES involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. It also interacts with HTLV-I TRANS-ACTIVATOR PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 6 UI - D051702 MN - D12.644.360.11 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.968 MN - D12.776.476.11 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.968 MS - A BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR that is synthesized as a membrane-bound protein in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress it translocates to the GOLGI APPARATUS. It is activated by PROTEASES and then moves to the CELL NUCLEUS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in the unfolded protein response. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Activating Transcription Factors UI - D051696 MN - D12.776.260.108.61 MN - D12.776.930.127.61 MS - Activating transcription factors were originally identified as DNA-BINDING PROTEINS that interact with EARLY PROMOTERS from ADENOVIRUSES. They are a family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that bind to the consensus site TGACGTCA of the cyclic AMP response element, and are closely related to CYCLIC AMP-RESPONSIVE DNA-BINDING PROTEIN. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 MH - Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Acetyltransferase UI - D051051 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.29 MS - A enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL CoA to acyl-carrier protein to form COENZYME A and acetyl-acyl-carrier protein. HN - 2006(1980); use ACETYLTRANSFERASES 1970-1979, CARRIER PROTEINS 1973-1978, ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN 1978-1979, ACYLTRANSFERASES 1970-1973, ACETYL COENZYME A 1978-1979, & ACYLTRANSFERASES & PROTEINS 1970-1973 MH - Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Malonyltransferase UI - D051080 MN - D8.811.913.50.170 MS - This enzyme catalyzes the transacylation of malonate from MALONYL CoA to activated holo-ACP, to generate malonyl-(acyl-carrier protein), which is an elongation substrate in FATTY ACIDS biosynthesis. It is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of FATTY ACIDS in all BACTERIA. HN - 2006(1980); use ACYLTRANSFERASES & CARRIER PROTEINS 1973-1979 MH - ADAM Proteins UI - D051722 MN - D8.811.277.656.675.374.102 MN - D9.400.430.500 MN - D12.776.395.33 MS - A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain. HN - 2006 MH - Adamantinoma UI - D050398 MN - C4.588.149.30 MN - C5.116.231.30 MS - A locally aggressive, osteolytic neoplasm of the long bones, probably of epithelial origin and most often involving the TIBIA. HN - 2006, 1963-1964; use AMELOBLASTOMA 1965-2005 MH - Adipogenesis UI - D050156 MN - G4.335.151.149 MN - G7.382.750.324 MS - The differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature ADIPOCYTES. AN - do not confuse with metabolic process LIPOGENESIS. HN - 2006 MH - Adiponectin UI - D052242 MN - D6.472.699.54 MN - D12.644.548.14 MS - A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS. HN - 2006 (1996) MH - Adiposity UI - D050154 MN - E1.370.600.115.100.62.500 MN - G6.184.179.134.500 MS - The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status. AN - index body fat at ADIPOSE TISSUE HN - 2006 MH - Adrenarche UI - D050499 MN - G8.520.960.374.204 MS - A stage of development at which the ADRENAL GLANDS undergo maturation leading to the capability of producing increasing amounts of adrenal androgens, DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of PUBERTY and continues throughout puberty. HN - 2006 MH - Alanine Dehydrogenase UI - D050788 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.62 MS - An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer. HN - 2006(1980) use AMINO ACID OXIDOREDUCTASES & ALANINE 1972-1979 MH - alpha Catenin UI - D051178 MN - D12.776.220.145.249 MS - A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN. HN - 2006(1991) MH - alpha-Synuclein UI - D051844 MN - D12.776.641.860.500 MS - A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES that plays a role in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. HN - 2006(1988) MH - Amblyospora UI - D050219 MN - B5.360.500.500.600.50 MS - A genus of FUNGI, in the family Amblyosporidae, which is a parasite of MOSQUITOES. AN - coordinate with specific fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase UI - D051046 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.105 MS - A mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of L-GLUTAMATE to N-acetyl-L-glutamate in the presence of ACETYL-COA. HN - 2006(1980); use ACETYLTRANSFERASES, ACETYL COENZYME A & GLUTAMATES 1973-1979 MH - Aminocoumarins UI - D049933 MN - D3.438.150.446.139 MN - D3.830.219.446.139 MS - COUMARINS with an amino group, exemplified by NOVOBIOCIN. HN - 2006 MH - Aminomethyltransferase UI - D050960 MN - D5.500.562.452.100 MN - D8.811.600.391.100 MN - D8.811.913.555.400.100 MS - A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex. HN - 2006(1975) MH - Aminomuconate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase UI - D050648 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.342 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde to 2-aminomuconate. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Andersen Syndrome UI - D050030 MN - C14.280.67.565.70 MN - C16.320.565.618.711.600.500 MS - A clinical triad consisting of potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, ventricular ectopy, and dysmorphic features. It results from mutations in the KCNJ2 gene which codes for the INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CHANNELS subfamily J, member 2 (KCNJ2 protein, human.) AN - do not confuse with ANDERSEN DISEASE see GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE IV HN - 2006 MH - Anellovirus UI - D049811 MN - B4.280.37 MN - B4.909.204.99 MN - B4.970.60 MS - A free-floating DNA virus genus, unattached to any family, comprising several species of hepatitis-related viruses. HN - 2006 MH - Anodonta UI - D049877 MN - B1.500.644.80.850.50 MS - A genus of thin-shelled freshwater mussels in the family UNIONIDAE, class BIVALVIA. HN - 2006 MH - Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein UI - D051943 MN - D12.776.260.400.124 MN - D12.776.660.49 MN - D12.776.930.120 MS - Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in ARTHROPODS. Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Anthocerotophyta UI - D049936 MN - B6.388.118 MS - A plant division that includes hornworts, named for the horn-like appearance of the spore-producing plant (sporophyte). AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Antidiuretic Agents UI - D050034 MN - D27.505.696.560.249 MS - Agents that reduce the excretion of URINE, most notably the octapeptide VASOPRESSINS. HN - 2006 MH - Antigens, CD146 UI - D051929 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.170 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.140 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.246 MN - D23.50.301.350.150 MN - D23.101.100.110.246 MS - A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and is involved in INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS. HN - 2006(1990) BX - CD146 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD147 UI - D051926 MN - D12.776.395.550.45 MN - D12.776.543.550.188 MN - D23.50.285.40 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.247 MN - D23.101.100.110.247 MS - A widely distributed cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein that stimulates the synthesis of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES. It is found at high levels on the surface of malignant NEOPLASMS and may play a role as a mediator of malignant cell behavior. HN - 2006(1990) BX - CD147 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD164 UI - D051930 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.175 MN - D12.776.395.560.631.650.264 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.145 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.264 MN - D23.50.301.350.154 MN - D23.101.100.110.264 MS - A sialomucin protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It is a negative regulator of certain types of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. HN - 2006(1990) BX - CD164 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD22 UI - D051918 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.65 MN - D12.776.503.139 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.122 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.122 MN - D23.50.301.350.65 MN - D23.101.100.110.122 MS - A lectin and cell adhesion molecule found in B-LYMPHOCYTES. It interacts with SIALIC ACIDS and mediates signaling from B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. HN - 2006(1988) BX - B-Lymphocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule BX - CD22 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD24 UI - D051927 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.98 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.124 MN - D23.50.285.18 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.124 MN - D23.50.301.350.98 MN - D23.101.100.110.124 MS - A cell adhesion protein that was originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It is involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1990) BX - CD24 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD38 UI - D051997 MN - D8.811.277.450.737.400.60.500 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.138 MN - D23.101.100.110.138 MS - A bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and HYDROLYSIS of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-RIBOSE. It is a cell surface molecule which is predominantly expressed on LYMPHOID CELLS and MYELOID CELLS. HN - 2006(1988) BX - CD38 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD43 UI - D051917 MN - D12.644.233.800.174 MN - D12.776.395.560.631.650.143 MN - D12.776.395.700.174 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.143 MN - D23.101.100.110.143 MS - A sialic acid-rich protein and an integral cell membrane mucin. It plays an important role in activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2006(1984) BX - CD43 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD46 UI - D051916 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.920.124 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.833.124 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.146 MN - D23.101.100.110.146 MS - A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response. HN - 2006(1987) BX - CD46 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD47 UI - D051928 MN - D12.776.395.550.14 MN - D12.776.543.550.147 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.147 MN - D23.101.100.110.147 MS - A ubiquitously expressed membrane glycoprotein. It interacts with a variety of INTEGRINS and mediates responses to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Antigens, CD79 UI - D051925 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.950.500 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.950.500 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.950.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.816.821.500 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.179 MN - D23.101.100.110.179 MS - A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Antigens, CD79a BX - Antigens, CD79b BX - CD79 Antigens BX - CD79a Antigens BX - CD79b Antigens MH - Antigens, CD86 UI - D051940 MN - D12.776.395.550.17 MN - D12.776.543.550.186 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.186 MN - D23.101.100.110.186 MS - A CD antigen that plays a role in T-lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 production. It is a co-stimulatory ligand for the CD28 ANTIGEN on T-LYMPHOCYTES and initiates T-cell activation and immune response. HN - 2006(1993) BX - B7-2 Costimulatory Molecule BX - CD86 Antigens MH - Antigens, CD94 UI - D051920 MN - D12.776.503.280.61 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.194 MN - D23.101.100.110.194 MS - A C-type lectin that associates with NKG2 proteins to form receptors for HLA-E antigen on NATURAL KILLER CELLS. HN - 2006(1995) BX - CD94 Antigens MH - Antigens, Plant UI - D052179 MN - D23.50.291 MS - Substances from PLANTS that have antigenic activity. AN - if allergen is LATEX consider LATEX HYPERSENSITIVITY HN - 2006 BX - Allergens, Plant BX - Plant Antigens MH - Antimitotic Agents UI - D050256 MN - D27.505.519.593.249 MN - D27.505.954.248.147 MS - Agents that arrest cells in MITOSIS, most notably TUBULIN MODULATORS. HN - 2006; use ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS 1988-2005 MH - Antiperspirants UI - D051520 MN - D27.720.269.189 MS - Agents that are put on the SKIN to reduce SWEATING or prevent excess sweating (HYPERHIDROSIS). HN - 2006 MH - Apoptosis Inducing Factor UI - D051033 MN - D8.811.682.608.47 MN - D12.644.360.75.311 MN - D12.776.331.161 MN - D12.776.476.75.311 MS - A flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the MITOCHONDRIA and promotes APOPTOSIS when released from the mitochondria. In mammalian cells AIF is released in response to PRO-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN members of the bcl-2 protein family. It translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and binds DNA to stimulate CASPASE-independent CHROMATIN condensation. AN - INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEINS is also available HN - 2006(1999) MH - Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins UI - D051017 MN - D12.644.360.75 MN - D12.776.476.75 MS - A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES. HN - 2006 BX - Anti-Apoptotic Proteins BX - Pro-Apoptotic Proteins MH - Aptamers, Nucleotide UI - D052157 MN - D13.695.578.424.224 MS - Nucleotide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity. HN - 2006 MH - Aptamers, Peptide UI - D052158 MN - D12.644.82 MS - Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity. HN - 2006 MH - Aquaglyceroporins UI - D051397 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.249 MS - A subgroup of aquaporins that transport WATER; GLYCEROL; and other small solutes across CELL MEMBRANES. HN - 2006 MH - Aquaporin 1 UI - D051398 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.374 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.374 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.436 MS - Aquaporin 1 forms a water-specific channel that is constitutively expressed at the PLASMA MEMBRANE of ERYTHROCYTES and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL. It provides these cells with a high permeability to WATER. In humans polymorphisms of this protein result in the Colton blood group antigen. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Aquaporin 2 UI - D051399 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.437 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.437 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.530 MS - Aquaporin 2 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. The translocation of aquaporin 2 to the apical PLASMA MEMBRANE is regulated by VASOPRESSIN, and MUTATIONS in AQP2 have been implicated in a variety of kidney disorders including DIABETES INSIPIDUS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Aquaporin 3 UI - D051400 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.249.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.249.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.249.500 MS - Aquaporin 3 is an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS and is constitutively localized at the basolateral MEMBRANE. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Aquaporin 4 UI - D051401 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.468 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.468 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.577 MS - Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Aquaporin 5 UI - D051402 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.484 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.484 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.600 MS - Aquaporin 5 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed primarily in alveolar, tracheal, and upper bronchial EPITHELIUM. It plays an important role in maintaining water HOMEOSTASIS in the LUNGS and may also regulate release of SALIVA and TEARS in the SALIVARY GLANDS and the LACRIMAL GLAND. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Aquaporin 6 UI - D051403 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.40.249.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.40.249.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.40.249.750 MS - Aquaporin 6 is an aquaglyceroporin that is found primarily in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. AQP6 protein functions as an anion-selective channel. HN - 2006(2004) MH - AraC Transcription Factor UI - D051777 MN - D12.776.97.49 MN - D12.776.260.65 MN - D12.776.930.700.500 MS - A transcription factor found in BACTERIA that positively and negatively regulates the expression of proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of L-ARABINOSE. HN - 2006(1980) BX - AraC Transcriptional Regulator MH - Arcidae UI - D049893 MN - B1.500.644.80.50 MS - A family of ark shell mollusks, in the class BIVALVIA. They have soft bodies with platelike GILLS enclosed within two shells hinged together. HN - 2006 BX - Anadara MH - Arm Bones UI - D050280 MN - A2.835.232.87.90 MS - The bones of the free part of the upper extremity including the HUMERUS; RADIUS; and ULNA. AN - general or unspecified; prefer specifics; primates only; Manual 21.58 HN - 2006; use BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITY 1998-2005 BX - Bones of Arm MH - Armadillo Domain Proteins UI - D051186 MN - D12.776.91 MS - A family of proteins that contain several 42-amino acid repeat domains and are homologous to the Drosophila armadillo protein. They bind to other proteins through their armadillo domains and play a variety of roles in the CELL including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, regulation of DESMOSOME assembly, and CELL ADHESION. AN - don't confuse with proteins from Armadillos HN - 2006(2005) MH - Arteriolosclerosis UI - D050379 MN - C14.907.137.126.56 MS - Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition. AN - do not confuse with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS HN - 2006; use ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2001-2005 MH - Arthroplasty, Replacement, Finger UI - D050806 MN - E4.555.110.110.54 MN - E4.650.110.54 MS - Partial or total replacement of one or more FINGERS, or a FINGER JOINT. HN - 2006 BX - Finger Replacement Arthroplasty MH - Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator UI - D051784 MN - D12.776.157.530.750.100 MN - D12.776.260.103.625.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.750.100 MN - D12.776.930.125.625.500 MS - Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF containing protein that forms a complex with DIOXIN RECEPTOR. The complex binds xenobiotic regulatory elements and activates transcription of a variety of genes including UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. AhR nuclear translocator is also a subunit of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, beta Subunit MH - Atelidae UI - D051077 MN - B1.150.900.649.801.400.600.75 MS - A family of new world monkeys in the infraorder PLATYRRHINI, comprising the HOWLER MONKEYS, spider monkeys, and wooley monkeys. AN - diseases: coordinate IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM) HN - 2006 MH - Atherosclerosis UI - D050197 MN - C14.907.137.126.307 MS - Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of medium and large muscular ARTERIES with lesions in the innermost layer of the artery (ARTERIAL INTIMA). This disease process of atherogenesis includes the retention of cholesterol-rich LIPOPROTEINS and their binding to PROTEOGLYCANS in the arterial intima, generation of proinflammatory molecules that recruit MACROPHAGES to the subendothelial space, formation of FOAM CELLS, and eventual calcification of the arterial wall. These arterial plaques (atheromas) contain CARBOHYDRATES; BLOOD; and CALCIUM. HN - 2006; use ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 1963-2005 BX - Atherogenesis MH - Azulenes UI - D052176 MN - D2.455.426.392.368.284.49 MN - D4.615.133 MS - Compounds based on a seven-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Heat can rearrange them to NAPHTHALENES which have two fused six-membered rings. They are similar to guaiazulenes which are SESQUITERPENES with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. HN - 2006 MH - B-Cell-Specific Activator Protein UI - D051757 MN - D12.776.260.645.500 MN - D12.776.930.626.500 MS - A transcription factor that is essential for CELL DIFFERENTIATION of B-LYMPHOCYTES. It functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor to mediate B-cell commitment. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Balaenoptera UI - D050616 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.100 MS - A genus of WHALES in the family Balaenopteridae, consisting of five species: Blue Whale, Bryde's Whale, FIN WHALE, Sei Whale, and MINKE WHALE. They are distinguished by a relatively slender body, a compressed tail stock, and a pointed snout. HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005; for Blue Whale, Bryde's Whale, and Sei Whale use WHALES 1998-2005 BX - Blue Whale BX - Bryde's Whale BX - Sei Whale MH - Bariatric Surgery UI - D050110 MN - E4.62 MS - Surgical procedures aimed at producing major WEIGHT REDUCTION in patients with MORBID OBESITY. HN - 2006 FX - Bariatrics MH - Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors UI - D051778 MN - D12.776.260.103.500 MN - D12.776.260.108.92 MN - D12.776.930.125.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.92 MS - A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS. HN - 2006 FX - Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs FX - Leucine Zippers MH - Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors UI - D051792 MN - D12.776.260.103 MN - D12.776.930.125 MS - A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF. HN - 2006 FX - Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs MH - Basic Reproduction Number UI - D050936 MN - E5.318.308.985.525.80 MN - G3.850.310.300.80 MN - G3.850.505.400.975.525.80 MN - G3.850.520.308.985.525.80 MN - L1.280.975.525.80 MN - N1.224.935.597.80 MS - The expected number of new cases of an infection caused by an infected individual, in a population consisting of susceptible contacts only. AN - not related to REPRODUCTION: see scope note HN - 2006 MH - Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors UI - D050976 MN - D12.776.260.108 MN - D12.776.930.127 MS - A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain. HN - 2006 BX - bZIP G-Box Binding Factors MH - bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein UI - D050998 MN - D12.644.360.75.718.750 MN - D12.776.476.75.718.425 MS - A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS. HN - 2006(1995) BX - Bak Protein MH - bcl-2-Associated X Protein UI - D051028 MN - D12.644.360.75.718.400 MN - D12.776.476.75.718.400 MS - A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein. AN - Don't confuse with the closely related BCL-X PROTEIN HN - 2006(1993) BX - Bax Protein BX - Bax-alpha Protein BX - Bax-omega Protein BX - Bax-sigma Protein MH - bcl-Associated Death Protein UI - D051025 MN - D12.644.360.75.718.100 MN - D12.776.476.75.718.100 MN - D12.776.744.49 MS - A pro-apoptotic protein and member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by PHOSPHORYLATION. Unphosphorylated Bad protein inhibits the activity of BCL-XL PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1995) MH - bcl-X Protein UI - D051020 MN - D12.644.360.75.718.937 MN - D12.776.476.75.718.875 MS - A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the BCL2L1 mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL. AN - Don't confuse with the closely related BCL2-ASSOCIATED X PROTEIN HN - 2006(1993) BX - bcl-XL Protein BX - bcl-XS Protein MH - Beluga Whale UI - D050643 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.110 MS - The species Delphinapterus leucas, in the family Monodontidae, found primarily in the Arctic Ocean and adjoining seas. They are small WHALES lacking a dorsal fin. HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005 BX - White Whale MH - Benzaldehyde Dehydrogenase (NADP+) UI - D050727 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.468 MS - An NADP+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of BENZALDEHYDE to BENZOIC ACID. It also plays a role in the degradation of TOLUENE and XYLENE. HN - 2006(1980); use ALDEHYDE OXIDOREDUCTASES 1978-1979 MH - Benzoate 4-Monooxygenase UI - D050565 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.62 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of BENZOATE to 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE. It requires IRON and tetrahydropteridine. HN - 2006(1980); use BENZOATES 1977-1979 MH - Benzodioxoles UI - D052117 MN - D3.383.246.118 MN - D3.438.115 MS - Compounds based on benzene fused to oxole. They can be formed from methylated CATECHOLS such as EUGENOL. HN - 2006 BX - Methylenedioxybenzenes MH - Benzothiazoles UI - D052160 MN - D3.383.129.708.89 MN - D3.438.185 MS - Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring. HN - 2006 MH - Benzylammonium Compounds UI - D050339 MN - D2.92.877.96 MS - QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS based on BENZYLAMINES with the general formula phenyl-CN+R3. HN - 2006 MH - beta Catenin UI - D051176 MN - D12.776.91.249 MN - D12.776.220.145.500 MN - D12.776.930.130 MS - A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase UI - D051552 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.500 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.500 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.500 MS - A cyclic-AMP protein kinase that mediates agonist-dependent PHOSPHORYLATION and desensitization of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. HN - 2006 MH - beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase UI - D051278 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.286 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-ALANINE to 3-oxopropanoate to generate PYRUVATE and BETA-ALANINE. HN - 2006(1980) MH - beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase UI - D050559 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.392.312 MS - A monooxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of BETA-CAROTENE into two molecules of RETINAL. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.11.21 and EC 1.18.3.1. HN - 2006(1980); use OXYGENASES 1969-1979 MH - beta-Synuclein UI - D051846 MN - D12.776.641.860.625 MS - A synuclein that is closely related to ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN. It may play a neuroprotective role against some of the toxic effects of aggregated ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN. HN - 2006(1988) MH - Betacyanins UI - D050859 MN - D2.92.877.233.500 MN - D2.675.276.136.500 MN - D3.383.621.80.500 MN - D12.125.72.50.875.64.500 MS - Conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclo-dopa, both of which derive from TYROSINE. They appear similar to INDOLES but are biosynthesized by a different path and contain N+. Members are red or violet COLORING AGENTS found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES. HN - 2006 MH - Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase UI - D050728 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.515 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to BETAINE. HN - 2006(1980); use ALDEHYDE OXIDOREDUCTASES 1979, & OXIDOREDUCTASES & ALDEHYDES 1972-1978 MH - Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase UI - D050940 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.175 MS - A ZINC metalloenzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from BETAINE to HOMOCYSTEINE to produce dimethylglycine and METHIONINE, respectively. This enzyme is a member of a family of ZINC-dependent METHYLTRANSFERASES that use THIOLS or selenols as methyl acceptors. HN - 2006(1980) MH - Betalains UI - D050858 MN - D2.92.877.233 MN - D2.675.276.136 MN - D3.383.621.80 MN - D12.125.72.50.875.64 MS - Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES. HN - 2006 (1972) MH - Betaxanthins UI - D050860 MN - D2.92.877.233.555 MN - D2.675.276.136.555 MN - D3.383.621.80.750 MS - Conjugates of betalamic acid with AMINO ACIDS. Some of them are yellow COLORING AGENTS in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS. This should not be confused with xanthin which is a term used for CAROTENES nor with XANTHINES. HN - 2006 MH - BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein UI - D051023 MN - D12.644.360.75.718.968 MN - D12.776.476.75.718.937 MS - A member of the Bcl-2 protein family that reversibly binds MEMBRANES. It is a pro-apoptotic protein that is activated by caspase cleavage. HN - 2006(1996) BX - Bid Protein BX - tBid Protein MH - Bivalvia UI - D049872 MN - B1.500.644.80 MS - A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Mussels MH - Body Fat Distribution UI - D050218 MN - E1.370.600.115.100.62 MN - G6.184.179.134 MS - Deposits of ADIPOSE TISSUE throughout the body. The pattern of fat deposits in the body regions is an indicator of health status. Excess ABDOMINAL FAT increases health risks more than excess fat around the hips or thighs, therefore, WAIST-HIP RATIO is often used to determine health risks. HN - 2006 FX - Adiposity FX - Waist-Hip Ratio MH - Bone Density Conservation Agents UI - D050071 MN - D27.505.696.242 MS - Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES. HN - 2006 FX - Bone Regeneration FX - Fractures, Bone FX - Osteoporosis FX - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators MH - Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors UI - D052004 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.109 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.49 MS - A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I UI - D052005 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.109.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.49.500 MS - A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by TYPE II BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II UI - D052006 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.109.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.49.750 MS - A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Graft UI - D050376 MN - E4.555.130.100 MN - E4.936.450.50.100 MS - Fixation of the ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT, during surgical reconstruction, by the use of a bone- patellar tendon autograft. HN - 2006 MH - Bones of Lower Extremity UI - D050281 MN - A2.835.232.43 MS - The bones of the upper and lower LEG. They include the PELVIC BONES. AN - avoid: too general; prefer specifics; permitted with all vertebrates; Manual 21.58 HN - 2006 MH - Bottle-Nosed Dolphin UI - D050681 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.267.100 MS - The species Tursiops truncatus, in the family Delphinidae, characterized by a bottle-shaped beak and slightly hooked broad dorsal fin. HN - 2006; use DOLPHINS 1998-2005 MH - Bowhead Whale UI - D050642 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.130 MS - The species Balaena mysticetus, in the family Balaenidae, found in the colder waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The common name is derived from the extreme arching of the lower jaw. HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005 BX - Right Whale, Greenland MH - Bowman Capsule UI - D050476 MN - A5.810.453.736.560.254 MS - A double-walled epithelial capsule that is the bulbous closed proximal end of the kidney tubular system. It surrounds the cluster of convoluted capillaries of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and is continuous with the convoluted PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE. HN - 2006 MH - Bowman Membrane UI - D050541 MN - A9.371.60.217.113 MS - A layer of acellular matrix that lies beneath the CORNEAL EPITHELIUM and above the CORNEAL STROMA. It consists of randomly arranged COLLAGEN fibers in a condensed bed of intercellular substance. It provides stability and strength to the cornea. HN - 2006 MH - Bulimia Nervosa UI - D052018 MN - F3.375.250 MS - An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING. AN - BULIMIA is also available HN - 2006; use BULIMIA 1987-2005, use HYPERPHAGIA 1981-1986 BX - Binge-Eating Disorder FX - Bulimia MH - Bunion, Tailor's UI - D050489 MN - C5.330.488.99 MS - Abnormal swelling of the outer aspect of the fifth metatarsal head affecting the fifth METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT. HN - 2006 BX - Bunionette BX - Tailor's Bunion FX - Hallux Valgus MH - Butyrate Response Factor 1 UI - D051817 MN - D12.776.157.725.30 MN - D12.776.260.114 MN - D12.776.460.287 MN - D12.776.664.962.61 MS - A ZINC FINGER MOTIF containing immediate early protein that is closely related to TRISTETRAPROLIN. It interacts with and helps destabilize VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR mRNA. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Capitate Bone UI - D051224 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.150.150 MS - A carpal bone with a rounded head located between the TRAPEZOID BONE and the HAMATE BONE. HN - 2006 MH - CapZ Actin Capping Protein UI - D051347 MN - D5.750.78.730.32.500 MN - D12.776.210.500.227 MN - D12.776.220.525.32.500 MS - An actin capping protein that binds to the barbed-ends of ACTIN filaments. It is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. It regulates actin assembly by stabilizing actin oligomers for elongation. In SKELETAL MUSCLE, CapZ is localized to the Z-disk. HN - 2006(1991) BX - CapZ Protein MH - Carbohydrate Metabolism UI - D050260 MN - G6.535.256 MS - Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES. AN - general; prefer specific carbohydrate/metab HN - 2006 BX - Metabolism, Carbohydrate MH - Cardiidae UI - D049873 MN - B1.500.644.80.150 MS - A family of bivalve MOLLUSKS with heart-shaped shells, commonly known as cockles. Unlike most BIVALVES, cockles are hermaphroditic. HN - 2006 BX - Cerastoderma BX - Cockles MH - Carpal Joints UI - D050824 MN - A2.835.583.405.174 MS - The articulations between the various CARPAL BONES. This does not include the WRIST JOINT which consists of the articulations between the RADIUS, ULNA, and proximal CARPAL BONES. AN - vertebrates only HN - 2006 BX - Intercarpal Joints MH - Catarrhini UI - D051079 MN - B1.150.900.649.801.400.112 MS - An infraorder of PRIMATES comprised of the families CERCOPITHECIDAE (old world monkeys); HYLOBATIDAE (siamangs and GIBBONS); and HOMINIDAE (great apes and HUMANS). With the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in Africa and Asia. HN - 2006 MH - Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase UI - D050548 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.277 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of Fe3+ as a cofactor. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.1 and EC 1.99.2.2. HN - 2006(1980); use DIOXYGENASES 1975-1979 & CATECHOL 1973-1974 MH - Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase UI - D050557 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.305 MS - Catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde in the CARBAZOLE and BENZOATE degradation via HYDROXYLATION pathways. It also catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcatechol to cis, cis-2-hydroxy-6-oxohept-2,4-dienoate in the TOLUENE and XYLENE degradation pathway. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.2. HN - 2006(1981) MH - Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050482 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.500 MS - A group of membrane transport proteins that transport biogenic amine derivatives of catechol across the PLASMA MEMBRANE. Catecholamine plasma membrane transporter proteins regulate neural transmission as well as catecholamine metabolism and recycling. HN - 2006(1980) BX - Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transporters BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Catecholamine-Specific BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Catecholamine-Specific MH - Catenins UI - D051177 MN - D12.776.220.145 MS - A family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in CELL ADHESION at ADHERENS JUNCTIONS by linking CADHERINS to the ACTIN FILAMENTS of the CYTOSKELETON. HN - 2006 MH - Caveolin 1 UI - D051242 MN - D12.644.360.24.264 MN - D12.776.157.57.10 MN - D12.776.476.24.280 MN - D12.776.543.990.100.500 MN - D12.776.744.287 MS - A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Caveolin 2 UI - D051243 MN - D12.644.360.24.272 MN - D12.776.476.24.295 MN - D12.776.543.990.100.750 MN - D12.776.744.356 MS - Caveolin 2 is a binding partner of CAVEOLIN 1. It undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by C-SRC PROTEIN PP60 and plays a regulatory role in CAVEOLAE formation. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Caveolin 3 UI - D051244 MN - D12.776.210.500.235 MN - D12.776.543.990.100.875 MS - A caveolin that is expressed exclusively in MUSCLE CELLS and is sufficient to form CAVEOLAE in SARCOLEMMA. Mutations in caveolin 3 are associated with multiple muscle diseases including DISTAL MYOPATHY and LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. HN - 2006(1996) MH - CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-delta UI - D051743 MN - D12.776.260.108.124.812 MN - D12.776.660.167.812 MN - D12.776.930.127.124.812 MS - A member of the C-EBP protein family of transcription factors. It plays a key role in G0 PHASE mammary EPITHELIAL CELL growth arrest, and it is involved in transcriptional regulation of INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA. HN - 2006(1991) MH - CDP-Diacylglycerol-Inositol 3-Phosphatidyltransferase UI - D051607 MN - D8.811.913.696.900.74 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and CMP from CDP-DIACYLGLYCEROL and MYOINOSITOL. HN - 2006(1980); use PHOSPHOINOSITIDES 1970-1977, TRANSFERASES 1970-1972, & TRANSFERASES (OTHER SUBSTITUTED PHOSPHATE GROUPS) 1970-1979 MH - Centromere Protein B UI - D051936 MN - D12.776.260.125 MN - D12.776.660.235.199 MN - D12.776.664.235.199 MN - D23.50.422.61 MS - A DNA-binding protein that interacts with a 17-base pair sequence known as the CENP-B box motif. The protein is localized constitutively to the CENTROMERE and plays an important role in its maintenance. HN - 2006(1987) FX - Centromere MH - Cephalopelvic Disproportion UI - D052178 MN - C13.703.420.235 MS - A condition in which the HEAD of the FETUS is larger than the mother's PELVIS through which the fetal head must pass during a vaginal delivery. HN - 2006; use LABOR COOMPLICATIONS 1992-2005 MH - Cephalopoda UI - D049830 MN - B1.500.644.116 MS - A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SQUID; CUTTLEFISH; OCTOPUS; and NAUTILUS. These marine animals are the most highly organized of all the mollusks. HN - 2006 MH - Chalones UI - D050150 MN - D12.644.456.270 MS - Peptides that inhibit mitosis (ANTIMITOTICS). During the 1960's the term referred to crude extracts that inhibited cell proliferation; the activity was later attributed to PYROGLUTAMATE type oligopeptides. AN - do not confuse with CHALCONES HN - 2006, 1969-1992; use GROWTH INHIBITORS 1993-2005 MH - Chemical Terrorism UI - D051337 MN - I1.198.240.856.800.325 MN - I1.880.735.900.800.150 MN - I1.880.735.944.340.150 MS - The use of chemical agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of nerve agents, blood agents, blister agents, and choking agents (NOXAE). HN - 2006 MH - Choline Dehydrogenase UI - D050545 MN - D8.811.682.47.180 MS - An enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidation of CHOLINE to BETAINE. HN - 2006(1980); use CHOLINE 1979 MH - Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced UI - D050792 MN - E4.100.376.374.500 MN - E4.928.220.360.500 MS - A technique to arrest the flow of blood by lowering BODY TEMPERATURE to about 20 degrees Centigrade, usually achieved by infusing chilled perfusate. The technique provides a bloodless surgical field for complex surgeries. HN - 2006 BX - Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest MH - Clione UI - D049852 MN - B1.500.644.400.150 MS - A genus of small, shell-less, marine mollusks in the family Clione, superorder GASTROPODA. These pteropod (possessing a foot developed into wing-like organ for swimming) sea slugs feed exclusively on another pteropod mollusk, Limacina. HN - 2006 MH - Clusterin UI - D051152 MN - D12.776.395.207 MN - D12.776.580.215 MS - A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE. HN - 2006(1980) MH - Clutch Size UI - D052284 MN - G8.520.35 MS - The number of offspring produced at one birth by an oviparous or ovoviviparous animal. AN - oviparous or ovoviviparous animals only; for viviparous animals use LITTER SIZE HN - 2006 FX - Oviparity FX - Oviposition FX - Ovoviviparity MH - Cofilin 1 UI - D051338 MN - D5.750.78.730.212.500 MN - D12.776.220.525.212.500 MS - Cofilin 1 is a member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in non-muscle CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2005) MH - Cofilin 2 UI - D051340 MN - D5.750.78.730.212.750 MN - D12.776.210.500.242 MN - D12.776.220.525.212.750 MS - A member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in MUSCLE CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. HN - 2006(2001) MH - Cold Ischemia UI - D050377 MN - E4.936.337 MN - E5.760.833.445 MS - The chilling of a tissue or organ during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. Cold ischemia time during ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION begins when the organ is cooled with a cold perfusion solution after ORGAN PROCUREMENT surgery, and ends after the tissue reaches physiological temperature during implantation procedures. WARM ISCHEMIA TIME starts then and ends with completion of SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS. HN - 2006 FX - Ischemia FX - Warm Ischemia MH - Common Dolphins UI - D050696 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.267.150 MS - The genus Delphinus, in the family Delphinidae, consisting of two species of DOLPHINS. They are multicolored, with a characteristic yellow-tan criss-cross hourglass pattern behind the eyes. HN - 2006; use DOLPHINS 1998-2005 MH - Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein UI - D050718 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.920.250.500 MS - An endogenous serine protease inhibitor (SERPINS). It is a 105-kDA plasma glycoprotein, encoded by C1NH gene and produced primarily by the liver and monocytes. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from hereditary ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA. AN - do not confuse with COMPLEMENT C1 INACTIVATOR PROTEINS HN - 2006 MH - Complement C2a UI - D050678 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.150.500 MS - The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE). HN - 2006 (1986) MH - Complement C2b UI - D050679 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.150.750 MS - The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. HN - 2006 (1985) MH - Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway UI - D051561 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.500.374 MS - A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. HN - 2006 (1989); for CVFBB use COMPLEMENT FACTOR B 1985-2005 MH - Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway UI - D051574 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.750.500 MS - A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a). HN - 2006 MH - Complement C3-C5 Convertases UI - D050577 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387 MS - Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue. HN - 2006 (1978) BX - C3 Convertase MH - Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway UI - D050578 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.500 MS - Important enzymes in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5. HN - 2006 MH - Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway UI - D050579 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.750 MS - Important enzymes in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5. HN - 2006 MH - Complement C4b-Binding Protein UI - D050716 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.920.662 MS - A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a). HN - 2006 MH - Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway UI - D051566 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.500.750 MS - A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C5B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is the complex of ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C3bBb3b. HN - 2006 MH - Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway UI - D051577 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.750.750 MS - A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 5 into COMPLEMENT 5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 5B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4b2a) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C4b2a3b. HN - 2006 MH - Complement C5b UI - D050776 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.450.625 MS - The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. HN - 2006 (1982) MH - Complement Inactivating Agents UI - D051056 MN - D27.505.696.477.656.500 MS - Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. AN - do not confuse with COMPLEMENT INACTIVATOR PROTEINS HN - 2006 MH - Conus Snail UI - D052078 MN - B1.500.644.400.275 MS - A genus of cone-shaped marine snails in the family Conidae, class GASTROPODA. It comprises more than 600 species, many containing unique venoms (CONUS VENOMS) with which they immobilize their prey. HN - 2006 FX - Conotoxins MH - Corbicula UI - D049874 MN - B1.500.644.80.175 MS - A genus of freshwater clams, in the family Corbiculidae, class BIVALVIA. It originated in Asia but was introduced in North America and is now found throughout the United States. HN - 2006 MH - Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit UI - D050659 MN - D12.776.930.155.200.100 MS - A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1997) MH - Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit UI - D050676 MN - D12.776.930.155.200.200 MS - A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. Runx1 is frequently mutated in human LEUKEMIAS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1993) MH - Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit UI - D050677 MN - D12.776.930.155.200.300 MS - A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2001) MH - Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits UI - D050657 MN - D12.776.930.155.200 MS - A family of transcription factors that bind to the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. Family members contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. They can act as both activators and repressors of expression of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression. HN - 2006(1987) BX - Core Binding Factor alpha Proteins MH - Core Binding Factor beta Subunit UI - D050658 MN - D12.776.930.155.400 MS - A non-DNA binding transcription factor that is a subunit of core binding factor. It forms heterodimeric complexes with CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS, and regulates TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1987) BX - Core Binding Factor beta Protein MH - Core Binding Factors UI - D050660 MN - D12.776.930.155 MS - Heterodimeric transcription factors containing a DNA-binding alpha subunits, (CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS), along with a non-DNA-binding beta subunits, CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT. Core Binding Factor regulates TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1997) MH - Cortactin UI - D051356 MN - D5.750.78.730.281 MN - D12.644.360.24.280 MN - D12.776.157.57.14 MN - D12.776.220.525.281 MN - D12.776.476.24.311 MN - D12.776.744.390 MS - A microfilament protein that interacts with F-ACTIN and regulates cortical actin assembly and organization. It is also an SH3 DOMAIN containing PHOSPHOPROTEIN, and it mediates tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION based SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60 (C-SRC). HN - 2006(1983) MH - COUP Transcription Factor I UI - D051838 MN - D12.776.260.136.249 MN - D12.776.826.750.74.249 MN - D12.776.930.682.74.249 MS - A COUP transcription factor that was originally identified as a homodimer that binds to a direct repeat regulatory element in the chicken albumin PROMOTOR. It is a transcription factor that plays an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. HN - 2006(1989) BX - Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factor I MH - COUP Transcription Factor II UI - D051837 MN - D12.776.260.136.500 MN - D12.776.826.750.74.500 MN - D12.776.930.682.74.500 MN - D12.776.930.700.750 MS - A COUP transcription factor that plays a role as a negative regulator of TRANSCRIPTION that competes with other hormone receptors for the common response element AGGTCA. It can also stimulate transcription of genes involved in the METABOLISM of GLUCOSE and CHOLESTEROL. HN - 2006(1991) MH - COUP Transcription Factors UI - D051836 MN - D12.776.260.136 MN - D12.776.826.750.74 MN - D12.776.930.682.74 MS - A sub-family of steroid receptor transcription factors with specificity for a variety of DNA sequences related to AGGTCA. They can heterodimerize with a variety of factors including RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS; and VITAMIN D RECEPTORS. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Crassostrea UI - D049896 MN - B1.500.644.80.643.150 MS - A genus of oysters in the family OSTREIDAE, class BIVALVIA. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Oysters, Eastern MH - Creatine Kinase, BB Form UI - D052276 MN - D8.811.913.696.640.150.500 MS - A form of creatine kinase found in the BRAIN. HN - 2006(2000) MH - Creatine Kinase, MB Form UI - D052279 MN - D8.811.913.696.640.150.625 MS - An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the CARDIAC MUSCLE. HN - 2006(2000) MH - Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form UI - D052281 MN - D8.811.913.696.640.150.750 MS - A form of creatine kinase found in the MITOCHONDRIA. HN - 2006(2000) BX - Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial MH - Creatine Kinase, MM Form UI - D052283 MN - D8.811.913.696.640.150.875 MS - An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the MUSCLE. HN - 2006(2000) MH - CREB-Binding Protein UI - D050882 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.440.249 MS - A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Crk-Associated Substrate Protein UI - D050719 MN - D12.644.360.24.295 MN - D12.776.157.57.22 MN - D12.776.476.24.374 MN - D12.776.744.425 MS - Crk-associated substrate was originally identified as a highly phosphorylated 130 kDa protein that associates with ONCOGENE PROTEIN CRK and ONCOGENE PROTEIN SRC. It is a signal transducing adaptor protein that undergoes tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION in signaling pathways that regulate CELL MIGRATION and CELL PROLIFERATION. HN - 2006(2004) MH - Cryoanesthesia UI - D050785 MN - E3.155.441 MS - ANESTHESIA achieved by lowering either BODY TEMPERATURE (core cooling) or SKIN TEMPERATURE (external cooling). HN - 2006; use HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED 1984-2005 BX - Anesthesia, Refrigeration MH - Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator UI - D051786 MN - D12.776.260.108.217 MN - D12.776.930.127.217 MS - Cyclic AMP response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by CYCLIC AMP. It plays an important role in SPERMATID development in the mammalian TESTIS. HN - 2006(1991) BX - cAMP-Responsive Element Modulator MH - Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein A UI - D051699 MN - D12.776.260.108.186 MN - D12.776.930.127.186 MS - A basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is highly homologous to ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2. It binds the consensus site TGACGTCA of the cyclic AMP response element in partnership with either PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN or activating transcription factor 2. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 UI - D051357 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.323 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.750 MN - D12.644.360.250.323 MN - D12.776.167.200.323 MN - D12.776.476.250.323 MS - A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Cdk2 Protein Kinase MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 UI - D051358 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.451 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.875 MN - D12.644.360.250.451 MN - D12.776.167.200.451 MN - D12.776.476.250.451 MS - Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Cdk4 Protein Kinase MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 UI - D051360 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.67.875 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500.500 MN - D12.644.360.250.67.875 MN - D12.776.167.200.67.875 MN - D12.776.476.250.67.875 MS - A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation. HN - 2006(1994) BX - Cdk5 Protein Kinase MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 UI - D051361 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.937 MN - D12.644.360.250.515 MN - D12.776.167.200.515 MN - D12.776.476.250.515 MS - Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with CYCLIN D and phosphorylates RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN during G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It helps regulate the transition to S PHASE and its kinase activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P18. HN - 2006(1994) BX - Cdk6 Protein Kinase MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 UI - D050762 MN - D12.776.167.187.100 MN - D12.776.624.776.355.100 MS - An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing four ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. INK4B is often inactivated by deletions, mutations, or hypermethylation in HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18 UI - D050763 MN - D12.776.167.187.300 MN - D12.776.624.776.355.300 MS - An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with deregulated EPITHELIAL CELL growth, organ enlargement, and a variety of NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19 UI - D050764 MN - D12.776.167.187.400 MN - D12.776.624.776.355.400 MS - An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with TESTICULAR CANCER. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 UI - D050759 MN - D12.776.167.187.500 MN - D12.776.624.776.355.500 MS - A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 UI - D050760 MN - D12.776.167.187.600 MN - D12.776.624.776.355.600 MS - A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 UI - D050761 MN - D12.776.167.187.700 MN - D12.776.624.776.355.700 MS - A potent inhibitor of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES in G1 PHASE and S PHASE. In humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various NEOPLASMS as well as with BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins UI - D050756 MN - D12.776.167.187 MN - D12.776.624.776.355 MS - A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. They inhibit CELL CYCLE progression and help control CELL PROLIFERATION following GENOTOXIC STRESS as well as during CELL DIFFERENTIATION. HN - 2006 BX - CIP-KIP Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors BX - INK4 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors MH - Cyclooxygenase 1 UI - D051545 MN - D8.811.600.720.500 MS - A constitutively-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes. HN - 2006(1996) BX - Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 MH - Cyclooxygenase 2 UI - D051546 MN - D8.811.600.720.750 MS - An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors UI - D052246 MN - D27.505.519.389.310.500 MN - D27.505.696.663.850.14.40.500.500.500 MN - D27.505.954.158.30.500.500 MS - A subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for CYCLOOXYGENASE-2. HN - 2006(2005); use CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS 2005 MH - Cysteine Dioxygenase UI - D050558 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.319 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-CYSTEINE to 3-sulfinoalanine (3-sulfino-L-alanine) in the CYSTEINE metabolism and TAURINE and hypotaurine metabolic pathways. HN - 2006(1980); use CYSTEINE 1973-1979 MH - Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A UI - D051544 MN - D8.244.453.40.986 MN - D8.811.682.662.582.353 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.170.40.888 MN - D12.776.422.220.453.40.972 MS - A cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway by oxidizing a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN. HN - 2006(1980) BX - CYP3A MH - Cytokine Receptor gp130 UI - D050822 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.62 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.281 MN - D23.101.100.110.281 MS - A cytokine receptor that mediates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS for a diverse group of ligands including: INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 11; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR; ONCOSTATIN M; and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR. The gp130 receptor acts through the formation of oligomeric complexes of itself with a variety of receptors. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Antigens, CD130 BX - CD130 Antigens MH - D-Alanine Transaminase UI - D051263 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.347 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10. HN - 2006(1980); use ALANINE TRANSAMINASE 1974-1979, & TRANSAMINASES 1977-1979 MH - D-Aspartate Oxidase UI - D050804 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.261 MS - An FAD-dependent peroxisomal flavoenzyme, this catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-ASPARTATE to OXALOACETATE and AMMONIA using oxygen as electron acceptor. HN - 2006(1975) MH - D-Xylulose Reductase UI - D050542 MN - D8.811.682.47.150.700.237 MS - An enzyme that plays a role in the PENTOSES and GLUCURONATES interconversion pathway by catalyzing the oxidation of XYLITOL to D-xylulose. This enzyme has been found to be specific for NAD+. HN - 2006(1980) MH - Decapodiformes UI - D049832 MN - B1.500.644.116.150 MS - A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs. AN - SQUID as animal & food; squid giant axon: coordinate NIM with AXONS (IM) HN - 2006; for CUTTLEFISH use MOLLUSCA 1995-2005 BX - Cuttlefish BX - Illex BX - Sepiidae BX - Squid BX - Todarodes MH - Delayed Graft Function UI - D051799 MN - C23.550.277 MS - General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. HN - 2006 FX - Graft Rejection FX - Graft Survival MH - Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels UI - D051668 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124 MS - A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Dendrimers UI - D050091 MN - D5.249 MS - Compounds comprising branches from an inner core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as DRUG CARRIERS. AN - coordinate with compounds comprising the dendrimers HN - 2006 MH - Dependent Ambulation UI - D051341 MN - G11.427.792.530.568.900.500 MS - To move about or walk on foot with the use of aids. HN - 2006 FX - Mobility Limitation MH - Desmocollins UI - D051187 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.200.500.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.200.500.249 MN - D23.50.301.350.200.500.249 MS - A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that are divergent from those of classical CADHERINS. Their intracytoplasmic domains bind PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILIN; and DESMOPLAKINS. HN - 2006(1983) MH - Desmoglein 1 UI - D051183 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.200.500.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.200.500.500.500 MN - D23.50.301.350.200.500.500.500 MN - D23.50.422.124 MS - A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Desmoglein 2 UI - D051301 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.200.500.500.625 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.200.500.500.625 MN - D23.50.301.350.200.500.500.625 MS - A CALCIUM-dependent adhesion molecule of DESMOSOMES that also plays a role in embryonic STEM CELL proliferation. HN - 2006(2001) MH - Desmoglein 3 UI - D051184 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.200.500.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.200.500.500.750 MN - D23.50.301.350.200.500.500.750 MN - D23.50.422.249 MS - A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Desmogleins UI - D051182 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.200.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.200.500.500 MN - D23.50.301.350.200.500.500 MS - A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that resemble those of classical CADHERINS. HN - 2006(1983) MH - Desmoplakins UI - D051180 MN - D12.776.220.790.500 MS - Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES. HN - 2006(1983) BX - Desmoplakin 1 BX - Desmoplakin 2 MH - Desmosomal Cadherins UI - D051181 MN - D12.776.395.550.200.200.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.200.200.500 MN - D23.50.301.350.200.500 MS - A single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate CALCIUM-dependent CELL ADHESION and are core components of DESMOSOMES. HN - 2006 MH - Destrin UI - D051345 MN - D5.750.78.730.212.875 MN - D12.776.220.525.212.875 MS - A member of the actin depolymerizing factors. Its depolymerizing activity is independent of HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. HN - 2006(1981) MH - Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase UI - D051048 MN - D8.811.913.50.387 MS - An enzyme that catalyses the last step of the TRIACYLGLYCEROL synthesis reaction in which diacylglycerol is covalently joined to LONG-CHAIN ACYL COA to form triglyceride. It was formerly categorized as EC 2.3.1.124. HN - 2006(1980); use ACETYLTRANSFERASES 1973-1979, & GLYCERIDES 1973-1975 MH - Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted UI - D050528 MN - E2.642.249.263 MS - A diet that contains limited amounts of CARBOHYDRATES. This is in distinction to a regular DIET. HN - 2006 MH - Digital Rectal Examination UI - D051517 MN - E1.370.600.600.500 MS - A physical examine in which the qualified health care worker inserts a lubricated, gloved finger of one hand into the RECTUM and may use the other hand to press on the lower ABDOMEN or pelvic area to palpate for abnormalities in the lower rectum, and nearby organs or tissues. The method is commonly used to check the lower rectum, the PROSTATE GLAND in men, and the UTERUS and OVARIES in women. HN - 2006 MH - Dihydrodipicolinate Reductase UI - D050746 MN - D8.811.682.660.275 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate to 2,3-dihydrodipicolinate using NAD(P)+ as a cofactor. It is found in BACTERIA and higher plants involved in the biosynthesis of DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID and LYSINE. HN - 2006(1974) MH - Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase UI - D051047 MN - D5.500.562.625.750 MN - D8.811.600.741.625 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.310 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX. HN - 2006(1980); use PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, ACETYLTRANSFERASES & under LIPOIC ACID 1968-1979 MH - Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NAD+) UI - D050744 MN - D8.811.682.660.325 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 5,6-dihydrouracil to URACIL using NAD as a cofactor. This enzyme also plays a role in the catabolism of the antimetabolite 5-FLUOROURACIL. HN - 2006(1970) MH - Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase UI - D050893 MN - D8.811.682.662.582.369 MS - A FLAVOPROTEIN enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of DIMETHYLGLYCINE to SARCOSINE and FORMALDEHYDE. HN - 2006(1979) MH - Dipsacaceae UI - D049917 MN - B6.388.100.327 MS - A plant family of the order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes called the teasel family. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - DNA Repair-Deficiency Disorders UI - D049914 MN - C18.452.284 MS - Disorders resulting from defective DNA REPAIR processes or the associated cellular responses to DNA DAMAGE. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 FX - DNA Repair Enzymes FX - Genes, cdc MH - DNA-Activated Protein Kinase UI - D051747 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.250 MS - A serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by DNA, phosphorylates several DNA-binding protein substrates including the TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and a variety of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 UI - D051937 MN - D12.776.641.249 MN - D12.776.744.459 MS - A phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of DOPAMINE activated ADENYLYL CYCLASE in the CORPUS STRIATUM. It regulates the activities of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 and PROTEIN KINASE A, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of DOPAMINE. HN - 2006(1984) MH - Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050483 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.124 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.124 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.500.500 MS - Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of dopaminergic neurons. They remove DOPAMINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS and are the target of DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS. HN - 2006(1987) BX - Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transporter Proteins BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Dopamine-Specific BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Dopamine-Specific MH - Dreissena UI - D049875 MN - B1.500.644.80.225 MS - A genus of mussels in the family Dreissenidae, class BIVALVIA. They are found in both fresh and brackish water and are not native to North America. Accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes in 1986, they now proliferate widely throughout the United States. HN - 2006 BX - Mussels, Zebra MH - Dyslipidemias UI - D050171 MN - C18.452.339 MS - Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS. Dyslipidemias are disorders of lipid and LIPOPROTEIN metabolism, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and normal to elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006; use HYPERLIPIDEMIA 1995-2005 MH - E1A-Associated p300 Protein UI - D050881 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.440.600 MN - D12.776.930.622.600 MS - A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - E2F Transcription Factors UI - D050684 MN - D12.776.930.311 MS - A family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control expression of a variety of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE regulation. E2F transcription factors typically form heterodimeric complexes with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DP1 or transcription factor DP2, and they have N-terminal DNA binding and dimerization domains. E2F transcription factors can act as mediators of transcriptional repression or transcriptional activation. HN - 2006(1991) MH - E2F1 Transcription Factor UI - D050687 MN - D12.776.930.311.500 MS - An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1991) MH - E2F2 Transcription Factor UI - D050703 MN - D12.776.930.311.625 MS - An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A. E2F2 activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1993) MH - E2F3 Transcription Factor UI - D050699 MN - D12.776.930.311.750 MS - An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A. E2F3 regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2004) MH - E2F4 Transcription Factor UI - D050704 MN - D12.776.930.311.812 MS - An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F4 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene PROMOTER REGIONS through RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P130 and RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P107. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1994) MH - E2F5 Transcription Factor UI - D050700 MN - D12.776.930.311.875 MS - An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F5 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene promoters through RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P130. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2004) MH - E2F6 Transcription Factor UI - D050701 MN - D12.776.930.311.937 MS - An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F6 recruits chromatin remodeling factors directly to target gene promoters and lacks the transactivation domain responsible for binding to the retinoblastoma family of TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2004) MH - E2F7 Transcription Factor UI - D050702 MN - D12.776.930.311.968 MS - An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F7 has two separate DNA-binding domains and binds to DNA independently of a dimerization partner. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1991) MH - Early Growth Response Protein 1 UI - D051766 MN - D12.776.260.158.500 MN - D12.776.460.525.500 MN - D12.776.930.313.500 MS - An early growth response transcription factor that has been implicated in regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. HN - 2006(1988) MH - Early Growth Response Protein 2 UI - D051767 MN - D12.776.260.158.750 MN - D12.776.460.525.750 MN - D12.776.930.313.750 MS - An early growth response transcription factor that controls the formation of the MYELIN SHEATH around peripheral AXONS by SCHWANN CELLS. Mutations in EGR2 transcription factor have been associated with HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES such as CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE. HN - 2006(1988) FX - Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease MH - Early Growth Response Protein 3 UI - D051776 MN - D12.776.260.158.875 MN - D12.776.460.525.875 MN - D12.776.930.313.875 MS - An early growth response transcription factor that is essential for the development of MUSCLE SPINDLES. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Early Growth Response Transcription Factors UI - D051765 MN - D12.776.260.158 MN - D12.776.460.525 MN - D12.776.930.313 MS - A family of transcription factors that are induced by GROWTH FACTORS and contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain composed of three ZINC FINGER MOTIFS. HN - 2006 MH - Elastic Cartilage UI - D051472 MN - A2.165.257 MN - A10.165.382.300 MS - A type of CARTILAGE whose matrix contains ELASTIC FIBERS and elastic lamellae, in addition to the normal components of HYALINE CARTILAGE matrix. Elastic cartilage is found in the EXTERNAL EAR; EUSTACHIAN TUBE; EPIGLOTTIS; and LARYNX. AN - ELASTIC TISSUE is also available HN - 2006 MH - Endocrine Disruptors UI - D052244 MN - D27.505.696.353 MN - D27.888.284.295 MS - Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism. HN - 2006 BX - Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals FX - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists MH - Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier Protein) Reductase (NADPH, B-Specific) UI - D050745 MN - D8.811.682.660.390 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. It has a preference for acyl derivatives with carbon chain length from 4 to 16. HN - 2006(1980) MH - Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH) UI - D050753 MN - D8.811.682.660.387 MS - An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. It has a preference for acyl groups with a carbon chain length between 4 to 16. HN - 2006(1970) MH - Erigeron UI - D049919 MN - B6.388.100.100.342 MS - A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is similar to CONYZA. Members contain SESQUITERPENES. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors UI - D050981 MN - D12.776.260.235 MN - D12.776.930.316 MS - A group of transcription factors that were originally described as being specific to ERYTHROID CELLS. HN - 2006(1980) MH - Esophageal pH Monitoring UI - D050782 MN - E1.370.372.255 MN - E1.370.520.215 MN - E1.370.520.500.240 MN - E1.450.150.210 MS - Analysis of the HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION in the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS. It is used to record the pattern, frequency, and duration of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX. HN - 2006 BX - Ambulatory Esophageal pH Monitoring BX - Monitoring, Esophageal pH MH - Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels UI - D051638 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.249 MS - A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration. HN - 2006(1994) MH - ets-Domain Protein Elk-1 UI - D050807 MN - D12.776.260.665.600.100 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175.600.100 MN - D12.776.930.635.600.100 MS - A member of the ternary complex family of ets-related transcription factors that is regulated by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES including JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; and P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1989) BX - Elk-1 ets-Domain Protein MH - ets-Domain Protein Elk-4 UI - D050808 MN - D12.776.260.665.600.300 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175.600.300 MN - D12.776.930.635.600.300 MS - A member of the ternary complex family of ets-related transcription factors that is regulated by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES such as EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED MAP KINASES; and P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1992) BX - Elk-4 ets-Domain Protein BX - Serum Response Factor Accessory Protein 1 MH - Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 UI - D050580 MN - D12.776.157.530.200.249.500.500.875 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.147.875 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.781.781 MN - D12.776.543.585.200.249.500.500.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.147.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.781.781 MS - A neuronal and epithelial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein. HN - 2006(1984) MH - Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 4 UI - D050581 MN - D12.776.157.530.200.249.500.500.937 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.147.937 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.781.812 MN - D12.776.543.585.200.249.500.500.937 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.147.937 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.781.812 MS - A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in cerebellar PURKINJE CELLS on postsynaptic DENDRITIC SPINES. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 5 UI - D050582 MN - D12.776.157.530.200.249.500.500.968 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.147.968 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.781.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.200.249.500.500.968 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.147.968 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.781.875 MS - A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in the RETINA. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A Protein UI - D052217 MN - D12.776.313.500 MN - D12.776.660.264 MN - D12.776.744.476 MS - A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that is the most commonly mutated protein in FANCONI ANEMIA. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by PROTEIN KINASE B and forms a complex with FANCC PROTEIN in the CELL NUCLEUS. HN - 2006 MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein UI - D052218 MN - D12.776.313.750 MS - A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that regulates the activities of CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE. It is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM, but moves to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to FANCE PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein UI - D052236 MN - D12.776.313.812 MN - D12.776.660.285 MN - D12.776.744.484 MS - A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes mono-ubiquitination by FANCL PROTEIN in response to DNA DAMAGE. Also, in response to IONIZING RADIATION it can undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED PROTEIN. Modified FANCD2 interacts with BRCA2 PROTEIN in a stable complex with CHROMATIN, and it is involved in DNA REPAIR by homologous RECOMBINATION. HN - 2006(2001) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group E Protein UI - D052239 MN - D12.776.313.843 MN - D12.776.660.289 MS - A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that interacts with FANCC PROTEIN and FANCD2 PROTEIN. It promotes the accumulation of FANCC protein in the CELL NUCLEUS. HN - 2006(2000) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group F Protein UI - D052219 MN - D12.776.313.875 MN - D12.776.660.293 MS - A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein. It is an essential component of a nuclear core complex that protects the GENOME against CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY. It interacts directly with FANCG PROTEIN and helps stabilize a complex with FANCA PROTEIN and FANCC PROTEIN. HN - 2006(2000) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G Protein UI - D052241 MN - D12.776.313.906 MN - D12.776.744.488 MS - A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE during MITOSIS. It forms a complex with other FANCONI ANEMIA PROTEINS and helps protect CELLS from DNA DAMAGE by genotoxic agents. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group L Protein UI - D052240 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.186 MN - D12.776.313.937 MS - An E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE that plays a key role in the DNA damage response pathway of FANCONI ANEMIA PROTEINS. It is associated with mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2 PROTEIN and the redistribution of FANCD2 to nuclear foci containing BRCA1 PROTEIN. HN - 2006(2003) MH - Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group Proteins UI - D051856 MN - D12.776.313 MS - A diverse group of proteins whose genetic MUTATIONS have been associated with the chromosomal instability syndrome FANCONI ANEMIA. Many of these proteins play important roles in protecting CELLS against OXIDATIVE STRESS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1993) BX - Fanconi Anemia Proteins MH - Farnesyltranstransferase UI - D051231 MN - D8.811.913.225.437 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Fatty Acid Transport Proteins UI - D050612 MN - D12.776.157.530.300 MN - D12.776.543.585.300 MS - A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source. HN - 2006(1997) BX - Fatty Acid-Transport Protein MH - Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins UI - D050556 MN - D12.776.157.170 MS - Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006 MH - Ferredoxin-Nitrite Reductase UI - D050900 MN - D8.811.682.655.750.249 MN - D12.776.157.427.374.375.150 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.375.150 MS - An IRON-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. It catalyzes the six-electron oxidation of AMMONIA to nitrite. HN - 2006 MH - Ferrosoferric Oxide UI - D052203 MN - D1.578.285 MS - Iron oxide (Fe3O4). It is a black ore of IRON that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism. The NANOPARTICLES; and MICROSPHERES of its mineral form, magnetite, have many biomedical applications. HN - 2006 (1981) MH - Fibrin Modulating Agents UI - D050299 MN - D27.505.519.421 MS - Agents that affect the function of FIBRIN in BLOOD COAGULATION. They used as COAGULANTS for HEMORRHAGE or ANTICOAGULANTS for THROMBOSIS. HN - 2006 MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 UI - D051526 MN - D12.644.276.750.200 MN - D23.348.383.200 MN - D23.348.479.750.200 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that is a MITOGEN for KERATINOCYTES. It activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B and is involved in LUNG and limb development. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 3 UI - D051518 MN - D12.644.276.750.130 MN - D23.348.383.130 MN - D23.348.479.750.130 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that is expressed primarily during development. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 UI - D051519 MN - D12.644.276.750.140 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.110 MN - D23.348.383.140 MN - D23.348.479.750.140 MS - A HEPARIN binding fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in LIMB BUD development. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 UI - D051521 MN - D12.644.276.750.150 MN - D23.348.383.150 MN - D23.348.479.750.150 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in regulation of HAIR FOLLICLE phenotype. Spontaneous mutation of the gene for this protein results in a strain of MICE with abnormally long hair, referred to as angora mice.. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 6 UI - D051522 MN - D12.644.276.750.160 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.112 MN - D23.348.383.160 MN - D23.348.479.750.160 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that was initially identified based on its sequence similarity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 4. It is found in MYOBLASTS and plays an important role in MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 UI - D051523 MN - D12.644.276.750.170 MN - D23.348.383.170 MN - D23.348.479.750.170 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 UI - D051524 MN - D12.644.276.750.180 MN - D23.348.383.180 MN - D23.348.479.750.180 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 UI - D051525 MN - D12.644.276.750.190 MN - D23.348.383.190 MN - D23.348.479.750.190 MS - A fibroblast growth factor that was originally identified as a mitogen for GLIAL CELLS. It is expressed primarily in NEURONS. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Fibrocartilage UI - D051445 MN - A2.165.308 MN - A10.165.382.350 MS - A type of CARTILAGE whose matrix contains large bundles of COLLAGEN TYPE I. Fibrocartilage is typically found in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; SYMPHYSIS PUBIS; TIBIAL MENISCI; and articular disks in synovial JOINTS. (From Ross et. al., Histology, 3rd ed., p132,136) HN - 2006; use CARTILAGE 2000-2005 MH - Fin Whale UI - D050617 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.100.350 MS - The species Balaenoptera physalus, in the family Balaenopteridae, characterized by a large, strongly curved, dorsal fin. It is the second largest of the WHALES, highly migratory, but rarely seen near the shore. HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005 MH - Finger Phalanges UI - D050278 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.350 MS - Bones that make up the SKELETON of the FINGERS, consisting of two for the THUMB, and three for each of the other fingers. AN - primates only; Manual 21.58 HN - 2006 BX - Bones of Fingers BX - Finger Bones BX - Phalanges of Fingers MH - fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 UI - D051941 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.20 MN - D12.776.543.750.60.20 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.114 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.283 MN - D23.101.100.110.283 MS - A receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in HEMATOPOIESIS. It is closely related to FMS PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN and is commonly mutated in acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA. HN - 2006(1999) BX - Antigens, CD135 BX - CD135 Antigens MH - Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 UI - D051417 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.49.500 MN - D12.776.744.493 MS - A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION. HN - 2006(1986) MH - Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 UI - D051418 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.49.750 MS - A non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is expressed primarily in the BRAIN; OSTEOBLASTS; and LYMPHOID CELLS. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM focal adhesion kinase 2 modulates ION CHANNEL function and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES activity. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases UI - D051416 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.49 MN - D12.644.360.287 MN - D12.776.476.287 MS - A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases. HN - 2006(1999) BX - Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Family MH - Fomites UI - D050456 MN - G3.850.295.300 MS - Inanimate objects that carry pathogenic microorganisms and thus can serve as the source of infection. Microorganisms typically survive on fomites for minutes or hours. Common fomites include CLOTHING, tissue paper, hairbrushes, and COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. HN - 2006 FX - Disease Transmission FX - Equipment Contamination MH - Forkhead Transcription Factors UI - D051858 MN - D12.776.260.950.249 MN - D12.776.930.977.249 MS - A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Fos-Related Antigen-2 UI - D051921 MN - D12.776.260.108.311 MN - D12.776.930.127.311 MS - A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is closely related to C-FOS PROTEINS. It forms heterodimeric complexes with C-JUN PROTEINS to regulate GENE transcription. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Fractures, Bone UI - D050723 MN - C21.866.404 MS - Breaks in bones. AN - coord IM with specific bone /inj (IM) but note many precoordinated Bone/Fracture terms and many specific types of fractures HN - 2006 BX - Bone Fractures MH - Fractures, Cartilage UI - D050724 MN - C21.866.411 MS - Breaks in CARTILAGE. AN - coordinate IM with specific type of cartilage /inj (IM) HN - 2006 MH - Fractures, Compression UI - D050815 MN - C21.866.404.195 MS - Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4) HN - 2006 MH - Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein UI - D051860 MN - D12.776.157.725.61 MN - D12.776.641.299 MN - D12.776.664.962.124 MS - A RNA-binding protein that is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM. It helps regulate TRANSLATION in NEURONS and is absent or under-expressed in FRAGILE X SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Frasier Syndrome UI - D052159 MN - C12.740.700.445 MN - C13.371.820.700.420 MN - C16.131.939.445 MS - A syndrome characterized by CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE and GONADAL DYSGENESIS in phenotypic females with karyotype of 46,XY or 46,XX. It is caused by donor splice-site mutations of Wilms tumor suppressor gene (GENES, WILMS TUMOR) on chromosome 11. HN - 2006; use DENYS-DRASH SYNDROME 2002-2005 MH - Frizzled Receptors UI - D051157 MN - D12.776.543.750.52 MS - A family of seven-pass transmembrane cell-surface receptors. They contain an extracellular cysteine-rich domain and are receptors for WNT PROTEINS. Frizzled receptors often couple with HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS and regulate multiple SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors UI - D051717 MN - D12.776.260.400.155 MN - D12.776.930.318 MS - Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development. HN - 2006(2005) MH - G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels UI - D051676 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.450.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.450.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.450.500 MS - A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - G-Box Binding Factors UI - D051790 MN - D12.776.260.254 MN - D12.776.765.365 MN - D12.776.930.319 MS - A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG. HN - 2006(1992) MH - GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor UI - D051268 MN - D12.776.260.615.249 MN - D12.776.930.618.249 MS - A heterotetrameric transcription factor composed of two distinct proteins. Its name refers to the fact it binds to DNA sequences rich in GUANINE and ADENINE. GA-binding protein integrates a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and regulates expression of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE control, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, and cellular METABOLISM. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2 MH - GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050485 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.139 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.139 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.750 MS - A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates that extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport. HN - 2006(1979) BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, GABA-Specific BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, GABA-Specific FX - GABA Modulators FX - Receptors, GABA MH - gamma Catenin UI - D051185 MN - D12.776.91.500 MN - D12.776.220.145.750 MS - A multi-functional catenin that is highly homologous to BETA CATENIN. Gamma catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It is also found in DESMOSOMES where it mediates the link between DESMOSOMAL CADHERINS and DESMOPLAKIN. HN - 2006(1983) MH - gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase UI - D050563 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.401 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROXYLATION of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-CARNITINE. It is the last enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-CARNITINE and is dependent on alpha-ketoglutarate; IRON; ASCORBIC ACID; and OXYGEN. HN - 2006(1980); use KETOGLUTARIC ACID 1973-1974, BETAINE 1972-1979, BUTYRATES 1974-1979, & AMINOBUTYRIC ACID 1970-1974 MH - gamma-Synuclein UI - D051845 MN - D12.776.641.860.750 MS - A homolog of ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN that plays a role in neurofilament network integrity. It is overexpressed in a variety of human NEOPLASMS and may be involved in modulating AXON architecture during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult. Gamma-Synuclein may also activate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS associated with ETS-DOMAIN PROTEIN ELK-1. HN - 2006(1988) MH - Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase UI - D051147 MN - D8.811.913.400.450.400.475 MS - Catalyzes the final step in the galactocerebroside biosynthesis pathway. HN - 2006(1980) MH - Gardening UI - D051639 MN - I3.450.642.378 MN - J1.40.413 MS - Cultivation of PLANTS (FRUITS; VEGETABLES; HERBS) on small plots of ground or in containers. HN - 2006 MH - Gastric Hypothermia UI - D050786 MN - E2.258.750.500 MS - A method of lowering core BODY TEMPERATURE by filling the STOMACH with chilled fluids. HN - 2006; use HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED 1984-2005 MH - Gastropoda UI - D049851 MN - B1.500.644.400 MS - A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells. HN - 2006 BX - Slugs MH - GATA Transcription Factors UI - D050980 MN - D12.776.260.257 MN - D12.776.930.321 MS - A family of transcription factors that contain two ZINC FINGER MOTIFS and bind to the DNA sequence (A/T)GATA(A/G). HN - 2006 MH - GATA1 Transcription Factor UI - D050982 MN - D12.776.260.235.500 MN - D12.776.260.257.100 MN - D12.776.930.316.500 MN - D12.776.930.321.100 MS - A GATA transcription factor that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic lineages and plays an important role in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of ERYTHROID CELLS and MEGAKARYOCYTES. HN - 2006(1980) MH - GATA2 Transcription Factor UI - D050989 MN - D12.776.260.235.625 MN - D12.776.260.257.200 MN - D12.776.930.316.625 MN - D12.776.930.321.200 MS - An essential GATA transcription factor that is expressed primarily in HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. HN - 2006(1991) MH - GATA3 Transcription Factor UI - D050990 MN - D12.776.260.235.687 MN - D12.776.260.257.300 MN - D12.776.930.316.687 MN - D12.776.930.321.300 MS - A GATA transcription factor that is found predominately in LYMPHOID CELL precursors and has been implicated in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of HELPER T-CELLS. Haploinsufficiency of GATA3 is associated with HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; and renal anomalies syndrome. HN - 2006(1991) MH - GATA4 Transcription Factor UI - D050991 MN - D12.776.260.257.400 MN - D12.776.930.321.400 MS - A GATA transcription factor that is expressed in the MYOCARDIUM of developing heart and has been implicated in the differentiation of CARDIAC MYOCYTES. GATA4 is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION and regulates transcription of cardiac-specific genes. HN - 2006(1993) MH - GATA5 Transcription Factor UI - D050992 MN - D12.776.260.257.500 MN - D12.776.930.321.500 MS - A GATA transcription factor that is expressed predominately in SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and is involved in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of CARDIAC MYOCYTES. In the developing heart, GATA5 becomes restricted to the ENDOCARDIUM and regulates transcription of genes such as cardiac TROPONIN C. HN - 2006(1994) MH - GATA6 Transcription Factor UI - D050993 MN - D12.776.260.257.600 MN - D12.776.930.321.600 MS - A GATA transcription factor that is expressed predominately in SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and regulates vascular smooth muscle CELL DIFFERENTIATION. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Gene Flow UI - D051456 MN - G13.330.159 MS - The change in gene frequency in a population due to migration of gametes or individuals (ANIMAL MIGRATION) across population barriers. In contrast, in GENETIC DRIFT the cause of gene frequency changes are not a result of population or gamete movement. HN - 2006 MH - Gene Fusion UI - D050939 MN - G5.760.385 MS - The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. ONCOGENE FUSION includes an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION is carried out in vitro by RECOMBINANT DNA technology. AN - ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION is also available HN - 2006 FX - Artificial Gene Fusion FX - Mutant Chimeric Proteins MH - Genes, Developmental UI - D050437 MN - G14.340.24.340.277 MS - Genes that determine the fate of a cell or CELLS in a region of the EMBRYO during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2006; use GENES, STRUCTURAL 1988-2005 BX - Developmental Genes FX - Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental MH - Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain UI - D050438 MN - G14.340.24.340.351.300 MS - Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS. Gene segments of the heavy chain genes are symbolized V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant). HN - 2006; use GENES, IMMUNOGLOBULIN 1987-2005 BX - Genes, Immunoglobulin VH Germ Line BX - Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes FX - Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes FX - Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains MH - Genes, Immunoglobulin Light Chain UI - D050439 MN - G14.340.24.340.351.310 MS - Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS. Gene segments of the light chain genes are designated as V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant). HN - 2006; use GENES, IMMUNOGLOBULIN 1988-2005 FX - Immunoglobulin Km Allotypes FX - Immunoglobulin Light Chains MH - Genes, Mating Type, Fungal UI - D049770 MN - G14.340.24.340.320.89 MN - G14.340.325.500.89 MS - Fungal genes that mostly encode TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. In some FUNGI they also encode PHEROMONES and PHEROMONE RECEPTORS. The transcription factors control expression of specific proteins that give a cell its mating identity. Opposite mating type identities are required for mating. HN - 2006 MH - Genes, Mitochondrial UI - D050259 MN - G13.420.275.500 MN - G14.340.24.340.376 MS - Genes that are located on the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally. HN - 2006; for MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE use EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE 2001-2005 BX - Mitochondrial Inheritance FX - DNA, Mitochondrial MH - Genes, Neoplasm UI - D052138 MN - G14.340.24.340.383 MS - Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. AN - general; prefer specifics; coordinate with specific neoplasm terms /genet; do not confuse with ONCOGENES HN - 2006; for CANCER GENES use ONCOGENES 1985-2005 BX - Cancer Genes FX - Neoplasm Proteins MH - Genes, X-Linked UI - D050172 MN - G13.420.457 MS - Genes that are located on the X CHROMOSOME. HN - 2006 BX - X-Chromosome Genes BX - X-Linked Genes BX - X-Linked Traits FX - Genetic Diseases, X-Linked MH - Genes, Y-Linked UI - D050173 MN - G13.420.523 MS - Genes that are located on the Y CHROMOSOME. HN - 2006 BX - Traits, Y-Linked BX - Y-Linked Genes MH - Genetic Diseases, Y-Linked UI - D050174 MN - C16.320.338 MS - Genetic diseases that are linked to mutant ALLELES on the Y CHROMOSOME in humans (Y CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the Y chromosome in other species. Included here are animal models of human Y-linked diseases. HN - 2006 BX - Y-Linked Genetic Diseases FX - Genes, Y-Linked MH - Genetic Speciation UI - D049810 MN - G4.185.349.350 MN - G5.265.350 MS - The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, MUTATION, migration, random GENETIC DRIFT, and HABITAT geometry. HN - 2006 BX - Speciation, Genetics MH - Genome, Helminth UI - D049751 MN - G14.340.337 MS - The genetic complement of a helminth (HELMINTHS) as represented in its DNA. AN - coordinate IM with specific helminth/genet(IM) HN - 2006 BX - Helminth Genome FX - Genes, Helminth MH - Genome, Insect UI - D049750 MN - G14.340.357 MS - The genetic complement of an insect (INSECTS) as represented in its DNA. AN - coordinate IM with specific insect/genet(IM) HN - 2006 BX - Insect Genome FX - Genes, Insect MH - Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase UI - D051232 MN - D8.811.913.225.443 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE to give prephytoene diphosphate. The prephytoene diphosphate molecule is a precursor for CAROTENOIDS and other tetraterpenes. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Geranyltranstransferase UI - D051228 MN - D8.811.913.225.450 MS - An enzyme involved in the MEVALONATE pathway, it catalyses the synthesis of FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE from ISOPENTENYL DIPHOSPHATE and dimethylallyl diphosphate. HN - 2006(1980); use PYROPHOSPHORIC ACIDS 1970-1979, ALLYL CPDS 1975-1979, & TERPENES 1970-1979 MH - Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor UI - D051100 MN - D12.776.467.875.381.500 MN - D12.776.641.600.381.500 MN - D23.348.479.875.381.500 MN - D23.348.686.381.500 MS - The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE. AN - GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS is also available HN - 2006(1993) BX - Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor MH - Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors UI - D051097 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.550.124 MS - A family of GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-anchored cell surface receptors that are specific for GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. They form a multi-component receptor complex with PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET and regulate a variety of intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS in conjunction with c-ret protein. HN - 2006(1999) MH - Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factors UI - D051098 MN - D12.776.467.875.381 MN - D12.776.641.600.381 MN - D23.348.479.875.381 MN - D23.348.686.381 MS - A family of closely related nerve growth factors that promote NEURON survival. They bind to GDNF RECEPTORS and stimulate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION through PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET. AN - GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR is also available HN - 2006 MH - Glomerular Basement Membrane UI - D050533 MN - A5.810.453.324.359.224 MN - A5.810.453.736.520.224 MN - A10.615.179.625 MN - A11.284.295.310.279 MS - The layer of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX that lies between the ENDOTHELIUM of the glomerular capillaries and the PODOCYTES of the inner or visceral layer of the BOWMAN CAPSULE. It is the product of these two cell types. It acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter. HN - 2006 FX - Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease MH - Glucagon Precursors UI - D052336 MN - D6.472.317.469 MN - D6.472.610.469 MN - D6.472.699.318 MN - D12.644.400.340 MN - D12.644.548.343 MN - D12.776.641.650.340 MN - D12.776.811.360 MS - Peptide precursors of GLUCAGON and GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDES. HN - 2006 MH - Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 UI - D052216 MN - D6.472.317.469.500.500 MN - D6.472.699.318.249.500 MN - D12.644.548.343.249.500 MS - A peptide processed from proglucagon in the GI TRACT that acts at glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and is degraded by DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV. It stimulates INSULIN secretion. HN - 2006 MH - Glucagon-Secreting Cells UI - D050416 MN - A3.734.414.65 MN - A6.390.87 MN - A6.407.414.43 MN - A11.436.294.64 MS - A type of pancreatic cell representing about 5-20% of the islet cells. Alpha cells secrete GLUCAGON. AN - /transpl: do not routinely coordinate with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION HN - 2006; use ISLETS OF LANGERHANS 1980-2005 BX - alpha Cells, Pancreatic BX - Pancreatic alpha Cells MH - Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase UI - D051081 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.375 MS - An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate with ACETYL-COA to form N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate. HN - 2006(1980); use ACETYLTRANSFERASES 1977-1979 MH - Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative UI - D051246 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.500 MS - A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE. HN - 2006(1985) BX - Glucose Transport Protein BX - GLUT Proteins MH - Glucose Transporter Type 1 UI - D051272 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.500.500 MS - A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Glucose Transporter Type 2 UI - D051273 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.500.750 MS - A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; LIVER; and KIDNEYS. It may function as a GLUCOSE sensor to regulate INSULIN release and glucose HOMEOSTASIS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Glucose Transporter Type 3 UI - D051274 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.500.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.500.875 MN - D12.776.641.480 MS - A major glucose transporter found in NEURONS. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Glucose Transporter Type 4 UI - D051275 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.500.937 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.500.937 MS - A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Glucose Transporter Type 5 UI - D051296 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.500.968 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.500.968 MS - A hexose transporter that mediates FRUCTOSE transport in SKELETAL MUSCLE and ADIPOCYTES and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the SMALL INTESTINE. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase UI - D051599 MN - D8.811.913.696.445.400 MS - An ATP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the addition of ADP to alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate to form ADP-glucose and diphosphate. The reaction is the rate-limiting reaction in prokaryotic GLYCOGEN and plant STARCH biosynthesis. HN - 2006(1980); use NUCLEOTIDYLTRANSFERASES 1976-1979, GLUCOSEPHOSPHATES 1972-1975, ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES 1970-1972, & ATP 1972-1975 MH - Glugea UI - D050220 MN - B5.360.500.500.600.400 MS - A genus of FUNGI in the family Glugeidae, parasitic on FISHES. The PARASITES cause the formation of large cysts causing hypertrophy. AN - infection: coordinate IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coordinate with specific fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Glutamate Formimidoyltransferase UI - D051042 MN - D8.811.913.555.400.300 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE-containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a formyl group from L-GLUTAMATE to N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate and TETRAHYDROFOLATE. This enzyme may also catalyze formyl transfer from 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to L-GLUTAMATE. This enzyme was formerly categorized as EC 2.1.2.6. HN - 2006(1980); use FORMIMINOGLUTAMIC ACID 1977-1980, TRANSFERASES 1975-1997, GLUTAMATES 1975-1977, FORMIC ACIDS & IMINES 1975-1976 MH - Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050491 MN - D12.776.157.530.200.249.500.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.147 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.781 MN - D12.776.543.585.200.249.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.147 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.781 MS - A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism. HN - 2006(1984) BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Glutamate-Specific BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Glutamate-Specific MH - Glutamate Synthase (NADH) UI - D050790 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.484 MN - D12.776.331.737 MS - A FLAVOPROTEIN enzyme for AMMONIA assimilation in BACTERIA, microorganisms and PLANTS. It catalyzes the oxidation of 2 molecules of L-GLUTAMATE to generate L-GLUTAMINE and 2-oxoglutarate in the presence of NAD+. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase UI - D050698 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.562 MS - An NADP+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde to L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. It plays a role in the urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. HN - 2006(1978) MH - Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase UI - D050770 MN - D8.811.682.660.425 MS - A flavoprotein enzyme that is responsible for the catabolism of LYSINE; HYDROXYLYSINE; and TRYPTOPHAN. It catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTARYL-CoA to crotonoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Glutaric aciduria type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. HN - 2006(1973) MH - Glutathione S-Transferase pi UI - D051549 MN - D8.811.913.225.500.500 MS - A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) UI - D050536 MN - D8.811.682.47.150.700.400.500 MS - An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to glycerone phosphate. HN - 2006(1982) MH - Glycine Decarboxylase Complex UI - D050959 MN - D5.500.562.452 MN - D8.811.600.391 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.498 MS - A enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative DECARBOXYLATION and DEAMINATION of GLYCINE into CARBON DIOXIDE; AMMONIA; NADH; and N5N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is composed of four different component protein components referred to as H, P, L, and T. HN - 2006(2004) MH - Glycine Decarboxylase Complex H-Protein UI - D050961 MN - D5.500.562.452.175 MN - D8.811.600.391.175 MS - A LIPOIC ACID-containing protein that plays the pivotal role in the transfer of methylamine groups and reducing equivalents between the three enzymatic components of the glycine decarboxylase complex. HN - 2006(1990) BX - H-Protein, Glycine Cleavage System MH - Glycine Dehydrogenase UI - D050789 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.526 MS - An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidative DEAMINATION of GLYCINE to GLYOXYLATE and AMMONIA in the presence of NAD. In BACTERIA lacking transaminating pathways the enzyme can act in the reverse direction to synthesize glycine from glyoxylate and ammonia and NADH. HN - 2006(1977) MH - Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating) UI - D050841 MN - D5.500.562.452.200 MN - D8.811.600.391.200 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.498.500 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of GLYCINE with the transfer of an aminomethyl group to the LIPOIC ACID moiety of the GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE COMPLEX H-PROTEIN. Defects in P-protein are the cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. It is one of four subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex. HN - 2006 MH - Glycine N-Methyltransferase UI - D050938 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.387 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the METHYLATION of GLYCINE using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to form SARCOSINE (N-METHYLGLYCINE) with the concomitant production of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE. HN - 2006(1980); GLYCINE 1974-1979 MH - Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050487 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.155 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.812 MN - D12.776.543.585.200.500.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.155 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.812 MS - A family of sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters that transport the amino acid GLYCINE. They differ from GLYCINE RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GLYCINE. They are located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of NEURONS; GLIAL CELLS; EPITHELIAL CELLS; and RED BLOOD CELLS where they remove inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE. Glycine plasma membrane transport proteins are different than HN - 2006(1987) BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Glycine-Specific BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Glycine-Specific FX - Glycine Agents FX - Receptors, Glycine MH - Glycine Transaminase UI - D051308 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.525 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of GLYCINE onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate GLYOXYLATE and L-GLUTAMATE. HN - 2006(1980); use TRANSAMINASES 1974-1979, & KETOGLUTARIC ACID 1974-1979 MH - Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIb UI - D052120 MN - C10.597.606.643.455.562 MN - C14.280.238.458 MN - C16.320.322.201 MN - C16.320.565.202.449.510 MN - C18.452.648.202.449.510 MS - An X-linked dominant multisystem disorder resulting in cardiomyopathy, myopathy and MENTAL RETARDATION. It is caused by mutation in the gene encoding LYSOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN 2. HN - 2006 MH - Glycogenolysis UI - D050261 MN - G6.535.256.625 MS - The release of GLUCOSE from GLYCOGEN by GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (phosphorolysis). The released glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE by PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE before entering GLYCOLYSIS. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by GLUCAGON or EPINEPHRINE via the activation of PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE. HN - 2006 MH - Glycolaldehyde Dehydrogenase UI - D050618 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.781 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of GLYCOLALDEHYDE to GLYCOLATE, using NAD and NADP as COENZYMES. HN - 2006(1978) MH - GMP Reductase UI - D050899 MN - D8.811.682.655.249 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to guanosine 5'-phosphate (GMP) in the presence of AMMONIA and NADP+. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.8. HN - 2006(1980) use GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE 1976-1979 & GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES 1976-1978 MH - Goosecoid Protein UI - D051956 MN - D12.776.260.400.186 MN - D12.776.930.322 MS - Goosecoid protein is a homeodomain protein that was first identified in XENOPUS. It is found in the SPEMANN ORGANIZER of VERTEBRATES and plays an important role in neuronal CELL DIFFERENTIATION and ORGANOGENESIS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Granulomatosis, Orofacial UI - D051261 MN - C23.550.384 MS - A condition characterized by persistent or recurrent labial enlargement, ORAL ULCER, and other orofacial manifestations in the absence of identifiable CROHN DISEASE; or SARCOIDOSIS. There is no consensus on whether orofacial granulomatosis is a distinct clinical disorder or an initial presentation of Crohn disease. HN - 2006 MH - Graves Ophthalmopathy UI - D049970 MN - C11.270.842 MN - C11.675.349.500.500 MN - C19.874.283.605.500 MN - C19.874.397.370.500 MN - C20.111.555.500 MS - An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy. HN - 2006; use GRAVES DISEASE 1997-2005 BX - Ophthalmopathy, Infiltrative BX - Ophthalmopathy, Thyroid-Associated BX - Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy MH - GRB10 Adaptor Protein UI - D051383 MN - D12.644.360.24.300 MN - D12.776.157.57.29 MN - D12.776.476.24.380 MS - A binding partner for several RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including INSULIN RECEPTOR and INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. It contains a C-terminal SH2 DOMAIN and mediates various SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways. HN - 2006(1995) BX - Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 10 MH - GRB2 Adaptor Protein UI - D051380 MN - D12.644.360.24.297 MN - D12.776.157.57.26 MN - D12.776.476.24.377 MS - A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Grb2 associates with activated EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR and PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS via its SH2 DOMAIN. It also binds to and translocates the SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS through its SH3 DOMAINS to activate PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS). HN - 2006(1992) BX - Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein-2 MH - GRB7 Adaptor Protein UI - D051382 MN - D12.644.360.24.298 MN - D12.776.157.57.28 MN - D12.776.476.24.379 MS - A SH2 DOMAIN-containing protein that mediates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways from multiple CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS, including the EPHB1 RECEPTOR. It interacts with FOCAL ADHESION KINASE and is involved in CELL MIGRATION. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein-7 MH - Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma UI - D049912 MN - C4.557.470.35.415 MN - C4.588.322.609.292 MN - C10.228.140.617.738.675.299 MN - C19.344.609.292 MN - C19.700.734.292 MS - A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY. AN - coordinate IM with ADENOMA (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Pituitary Adenoma, GH-Secreting BX - Pituitary Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenoma BX - Somatotroph Adenoma MH - GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2 UI - D051960 MN - D8.811.277.40.330.300.200.100.200.500 MN - D12.644.360.375.100.200.500 MN - D12.776.157.325.332.100.200.500 MN - D12.776.476.375.100.200.500 MN - D12.776.543.325.100.200.500 MS - A PERTUSSIS TOXIN-sensitive GTP-binding protein alpha subunit. It couples with a variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS, has been implicated in INTERLEUKIN-12 production, and may play a role in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase UI - D050937 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.425 MS - This enzyme catalyzes the last step of CREATINE biosynthesis by catalyzing the METHYLATION of GUANIDINOACETATE to CREATINE. HN - 2006(1980); use METHYLTRANSFERASES 1980-2005, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE 1973-1977, GUANIDINES 1973-1980, & ACETIC ACIDS 1973-1977 MH - Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Proteins UI - D051604 MN - D12.644.360.381.500.124 MN - D12.776.157.125.412.500.124 MN - D12.776.306.433 MN - D12.776.476.387.500.124 MN - D12.776.641.645.124 MS - Neuronal calcium sensor proteins that regulate the activation of membrane-bound GUANYLATE CYCLASE. They are primarily expressed in the RETINA where they play an important role in PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Guanylate Kinase UI - D051528 MN - D8.811.913.696.650.450 MS - Catalyzes the ATP-dependent PHOSPHORYLATION of GMP to generate GDP and ADP. HN - 2006(1980); use NUCLEOSIDE-PHOSPHATE KINASE 1979, & NUCLEOTIDES & PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES, ATP 1974-1978 MH - Hallux Varus UI - D050488 MN - C5.330.612 MS - Displacement of the great toe (HALLUX) towards the midline or away from the other TOES. It can be congenital or acquired. HN - 2006 MH - Hamate Bone UI - D051225 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.150.400 MS - A carpal bone located between the CAPITATE BONE and the TRIQUETRUM BONE. The hamate has a prominent process that projects anteriorly. HN - 2006 MH - Hand Bones UI - D050276 MN - A2.835.232.87.319 MS - The CARPAL BONES; METACARPAL BONES; and FINGER PHALANGES. In each hand there are eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges. AN - primates only; Manual 21.58 HN - 2006 BX - Bones of Hand MH - Hand Joints UI - D050823 MN - A2.835.583.405 MS - The articulations extending from the WRIST distally to the FINGERS. These include the WRIST JOINT; CARPAL JOINTS; METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT; and FINGER JOINT. AN - primates only HN - 2006 MH - Hashimoto Disease UI - D050031 MN - C19.874.871.102.500 MS - Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM. HN - 2006; use THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE 1975-2005 BX - Hashimoto's Disease MH - Headache Disorders, Primary UI - D051270 MN - C10.228.140.546.399 MS - Conditions in which the primary symptom is HEADACHE and the headache cannot be attributed to any known causes. AN - for Valsalva maneuver headache coordinate with VALSALVA MANEUVER HN - 2006; for COUGH HEADACHE; HEADACHE, THUNDERCLAP; and STABBING HEADACHE use HEADACHE 2000-2005; for BENIGN EXERTIONAL HEADACHE and HYPNIC HEADACHE SYNDROME use HEADACHE DISORDERS 2000-2005 MH - Headache Disorders, Secondary UI - D051271 MN - C10.228.140.546.699 MS - Conditions with HEADACHE symptom that can be attributed to a variety of causes including BRAIN VASCULAR DISORDERS; WOUNDS AND INJURIES; INFECTION; drug use or its withdrawal. HN - 2006; use HEADACHE DISORDERS 2000-2005 BX - Analgesic Overuse Headache MH - Heat-Shock Proteins, Small UI - D050888 MN - D12.776.410.270 MN - D12.776.580.218 MS - A family of low molecular weight heat-shock proteins that can serve as MOLECULAR CHAPERONES. AN - index only when used by author HN - 2006 BX - Small Heat-Shock Proteins MH - Heme Oxygenase-1 UI - D051547 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.410.500 MS - A ubiquitous stress-responsive enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of HEME to yield IRON; CARBON MONOXIDE; and BILIVERDIN. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Hemospermia UI - D051516 MN - C12.294.293 MS - Blood in the SEMEN, usually due to INFLAMMATION of the PROSTATE, the SEMINAL VESICLES, or both. HN - 2006 MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 UI - D051537 MN - D12.776.260.262.500 MN - D12.776.660.352.500 MN - D12.776.930.323.500 MS - A transcription factor that regulates the expression of a large set of hepatic proteins including SERUM ALBUMIN; beta-fibrinogen; and ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN. It is composed of hetero- or homo-dimers of HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-ALPHA and HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-BETA. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha UI - D051538 MN - D12.776.260.262.500.500 MN - D12.776.660.352.500.500 MN - D12.776.930.323.500.500 MS - Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha is a transcription factor found in the LIVER; PANCREAS; and KIDNEY that regulates HOMEOSTASIS of GLUCOSE. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta UI - D051539 MN - D12.776.260.262.500.750 MN - D12.776.660.352.500.750 MN - D12.776.930.323.500.750 MS - A hepatocyte nuclear factor that is closely related to HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-ALPHA but is only weakly expressed in the LIVER. Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta are associated with renal CYSTS and MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS type 5. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha UI - D051541 MN - D12.776.260.262.750 MN - D12.776.260.950.249.500 MN - D12.776.660.352.750 MN - D12.776.930.323.750 MN - D12.776.930.977.249.500 MS - A forkhead transcription factor that is an essential activator of GLUCAGON gene expression. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Forkhead Box A1 Protein MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta UI - D051542 MN - D12.776.260.262.875 MN - D12.776.260.950.249.750 MN - D12.776.660.352.875 MN - D12.776.930.323.875 MN - D12.776.930.977.249.750 MS - A forkhead transcription factor that regulates expression of metabolic GENES and is involved in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. Mutations in HNF-3beta have been associated with PERSISTENT HYPERINSULINEMIA HYPOGLYCEMIA OF INFANCY. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Forkhead Box A2 Protein MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-gamma UI - D051543 MN - D12.776.260.262.937 MN - D12.776.260.950.249.875 MN - D12.776.660.352.937 MN - D12.776.930.323.937 MN - D12.776.930.977.249.875 MS - A winged-helix transcription factor that regulates GENE expression in metabolic tissues. It plays a role in HOMEOSTASIS of GLUCOSE and controls expression of GLUT2 PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Forkhead Box A3 Protein MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 UI - D051557 MN - D12.776.260.262.968 MN - D12.776.660.352.968 MN - D12.776.826.119 MN - D12.776.930.323.968 MS - A subfamily of nuclear receptors that regulate TRANSCRIPTION of a diverse group of GENES involved in the synthesis of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and in GLUCOSE; CHOLESTEROL; and FATTY ACIDS metabolism. HN - 2006 (1991) MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 6 UI - D051559 MN - D12.776.260.262.984 MN - D12.776.260.400.624.500 MN - D12.776.660.352.984 MN - D12.776.930.323.984 MN - D12.776.930.620.500 MS - A onecut transcription factor that regulates expression of GENES involved in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the PANCREAS and LIVER. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors UI - D051536 MN - D12.776.260.262 MN - D12.776.660.352 MN - D12.776.930.323 MS - Hepatocyte nuclear factors are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are preferentially expressed in HEPATOCYTES. They play important roles in liver-specific transcription and are critical for CELL DIFFERENTIATION and METABOLISM. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 MH - Hermaphroditism, True UI - D050090 MN - C12.740.700.842.316.313 MN - C13.371.820.700.842.316.313 MN - C16.131.939.842.316.313 MN - C19.391.775.316.313 MS - A rare condition of sexual ambiguity in which the individual possesses gonadal tissues of both SEXES, tissues from the OVARY and the TESTIS. There can be a testis on one side and an ovary on the other (lateral), or there may be combined ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestes) on each side (bilateral). Most common karyotype is 46,XX. Others include 46,XY and 45,X/XY. HN - 2006 MH - Hermissenda UI - D049870 MN - B1.500.644.400.400 MS - A genus of marine sea slugs in the family Glaucidae, superorder GASTROPODA, found on the Pacific coast of North America. They are used in behavioral and neurological laboratory studies. HN - 2006 MH - Hernandiaceae UI - D049935 MN - B6.388.100.489 MS - A plant family of the order Laurales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members contain cytotoxic furofuran LIGNANS and isoquinoline ALKALOIDS. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Hinge Exons UI - D052058 MN - G14.340.24.340.137.232.459 MN - G14.340.24.340.351.300.249 MS - Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene exons coding for the hinge region of the heavy chains between the first constant region (on the FAB FRAGMENTS) and the second constant region (on the FC FRAGMENTS). HN - 2006; for HINGE EXON use EXONS 1988-2005 MH - Hippocalcin UI - D051597 MN - D12.644.360.381.500.249 MN - D12.776.157.125.412.500.249 MN - D12.776.476.387.500.249 MN - D12.776.641.645.249 MS - A neuronal calcium-sensor protein that was initially found in the NEURONS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. It interacts with NEURONAL APOPTOSIS-INHIBITORY PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Histiocytoma UI - D051642 MN - C4.557.450.565.590.425 MS - A neoplasm containing HISTIOCYTES. Important forms include BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA; and MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA. AN - coordinate IM with precoordinated organ/neoplasm term (IM) HN - 2006, 1968-1993; use HISTIOCYTOMA, BENIGN FIBROUS 1994-2005 MH - Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous UI - D051677 MN - C4.557.450.565.590.425.360 MN - C4.557.450.795.400 MS - The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade. AN - do not confuse with MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS, a lymphoma; coordinate IM with precoordinated organ/neoplasm term (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma MH - Histone Acetyltransferases UI - D051548 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.407 MS - Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones. HN - 2006(1980) use HISTONES 1973-1979 MH - Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase UI - D050904 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.625 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the demethylation of L-homocysteine to L-METHIONINE. HN - 2006(1980); use HOMOCYSTEINE 1974-1980 MH - Homogentisate 1,2-Dioxygenase UI - D050560 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.326 MS - A mononuclear Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate, the third step in the pathway for the catabolism of TYROSINE. Deficiency in the enzyme causes ALKAPTONURIA, an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by homogentisic aciduria, OCHRONOSIS and ARTHRITIS. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.5 and EC 1.99.2.5. HN - 2006(1969) MH - Homoserine O-Succinyltransferase UI - D051082 MN - D8.811.913.50.600 MS - The first enzyme in the METHIONINE biosynthetic pathway, this enzyme catalyzes the succinylation reaction of L-homoserine to O-succinyl-L-homoserine and COENZYME A using succinyl-CoA. HN - 2006(1980); use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1971-1979 MH - Host Cell Factor C1 UI - D051863 MN - D12.776.930.325 MS - A cellular transcriptional coactivator that was originally identified by its requirement for the stable assembly IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS of the HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS. It is a nuclear protein that is a transcriptional coactivator for a number of transcription factors including VP16 PROTEIN; GA-BINDING PROTEIN; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE PROTEIN 2; and E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. It also interacts with and stabilizes HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS PROTEIN VMW65 and helps regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES in HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS. HN - 2006(1995) MH - HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050883 MN - D12.776.410.375.500 MN - D12.776.580.295.200 MS - A constitutively expressed subfamily of the HSP70 heat-shock proteins. They preferentially bind and release hydrophobic peptides by an ATP-dependent process and are involved in post-translational PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION. HN - 2006(2001) BX - Heat-Shock Cognate 70 Protein BX - Hsc70 Protein MH - HSP110 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050957 MN - D12.776.410.375.800 MN - D12.776.580.295.249 MS - A group of eukaryotic high-molecular mass heat-shock proteins that represent a subfamily of HSP70 HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS. Hsp110 proteins prevent protein aggregation and can maintain denatured proteins in folding-competent states. HN - 2006(1995) BX - Heat-Shock Proteins 110 MH - HSP20 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050886 MN - D12.776.410.270.500 MN - D12.776.580.218.500 MS - A subfamily of small heat-shock proteins that are closely related to ALPHA B-CRYSTALLIN. Hsp20 heat-shock proteins can undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIC GMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. HN - 2006(1997) BX - Heat-Shock Proteins 20 MH - HSP30 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050890 MN - D12.776.410.270.750 MN - D12.776.580.218.750 MS - A subfamily of small heat-shock proteins found in a wide variety of organisms. HN - 2006(1993) BX - Heat-Shock Proteins 30 MH - HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050956 MN - D12.776.410.292 MS - A family of heat-shock proteins that contain a 70 amino-acid consensus sequence known as the J domain. The J domain of HSP40 heat shock proteins interacts with HSP70 HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS. HSP40 heat-shock proteins play a role in regulating the ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE activity of HSP70 heat-shock proteins. HN - 2006(1986) BX - Heat-Shock Proteins 40 MH - HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050958 MN - D12.776.410.295 MN - D12.776.580.220 MN - D12.776.872.350 MS - Basic glycoprotein members of the SERPIN superfamily that function as COLLAGEN-specific MOLECULAR CHAPERONES in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. HN - 2006(1993) BX - Heat-Shock Protein 47 MH - HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins UI - D050884 MN - D12.776.410.375.750 MN - D12.776.580.295.750 MS - Stress-inducible members of the heat-shock proteins 70 family. HSP72 heat shock proteins function with other MOLECULAR CHAPERONES to mediate PROTEIN FOLDING and to stabilize pre-existent proteins against aggregation. HN - 2006(1994) BX - Heat Shock Proteins 72 MH - Hu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Antigens UI - D051959 MN - D12.776.157.725.92 MN - D12.776.641.520 MN - D12.776.664.962.311 MS - A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Human papillomavirus 11 UI - D052140 MN - B4.280.535.600.690.611 MN - B4.909.204.210.655.600.690.611 MN - B4.909.574.204.655.600.690.611 MN - B4.909.624.600.690.611 MS - A type of HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS causing recurrent respiratory PAPILLOMATOSIS; GENITAL WARTS; and other neoplasms. AN - infection: coordinate IM with GENITAL WARTS (IM) or PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + PAPILLOMATOSIS (IM) or other neoplasms term (IM) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Human papillomavirus 16 UI - D052162 MN - B4.280.535.600.690.616 MN - B4.909.204.210.655.600.690.616 MN - B4.909.574.204.655.600.690.616 MN - B4.909.624.600.690.616 MS - A type of HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS especially associated with malignant tumors of the CERVIX and the RESPIRATORY MUCOSA. AN - infection: coordinate IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS (IM), RESPIRATORY TRACT NEOPLASMS (IM) or other neoplasm term (IM) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Human papillomavirus 18 UI - D052161 MN - B4.280.535.600.690.618 MN - B4.909.204.210.655.600.690.618 MN - B4.909.574.204.655.600.690.618 MN - B4.909.624.600.690.618 MS - A type of HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS especially associated with malignant tumors of the genital and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA. HN - 2006 MH - Human papillomavirus 6 UI - D052163 MN - B4.280.535.600.690.606 MN - B4.909.204.210.655.600.690.606 MN - B4.909.574.204.655.600.690.606 MN - B4.909.624.600.690.606 MS - A type of HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS usually associated with GENITAL WARTS; and LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS. AN - infection: coordinate IM with probably GENITAL WARTS (IM) or PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); coordinate with LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Humpback Whale UI - D050640 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.400 MS - The species Megaptera novaeangliae, in the family Balaenopteridae, characterized by its huge flippers and the arching of their back when diving. They are also known for their breaching and singing. HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005 MH - Hyaline Cartilage UI - D051457 MN - A2.165.407 MN - A10.165.382.400 MS - A type of CARTILAGE characterized by a homogenous amorphous matrix containing predominately TYPE II COLLAGEN and ground substance. Hyaline cartilage is found in ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; and the NASAL SEPTUM. HN - 2006 MH - Hydrocolpos UI - D052202 MN - C13.371.894.500 MS - A fluid-filled VAGINA that is obstructed. HN - 2006 MH - Hydrogensulfite Reductase UI - D050885 MN - D8.811.682.667.124 MS - An enzyme found primarily in SULFUR-REDUCING BACTERIA where it plays an important role in the anaerobic carbon oxidation pathway. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Hydroxypyruvate Reductase UI - D050537 MN - D8.811.682.47.432 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of D-glycerate to hydroxypyruvate in the presence of NADP. HN - 2006(1980); use GLYCERIC ACIDS 1974-1980 MH - Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal UI - D051556 MN - C16.614.451 MN - C18.452.429.124 MN - C23.550.429.249 MS - Accumulation of BILIRUBIN, a breakdown product of HEME PROTEINS, in the BLOOD during the first weeks of life. This may lead to NEONATAL JAUNDICE. The excess bilirubin may exist in the unconjugated (indirect) or the conjugated (direct) form. The condition may be self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) or pathological with toxic levels of bilirubin. AN - check the tag, INFANT, NEWBORN HN - 2006; use JAUNDICE, NEONATAL 1976-2005 BX - Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia FX - Jaundice, Neonatal MH - Hyperparathyroidism, Primary UI - D049950 MN - C19.642.355.239 MS - A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION. HN - 2006 MH - Hyperthyroxinemia, Familial Dysalbuminemic UI - D050010 MN - C16.320.427 MN - C19.874.410.249 MS - An inherited autosomal dominant trait characterized by abnormally elevated levels of total serum THYROXINE (T4) in euthyroid patients with abnormal SERUM ALBUMIN that binds T4 with enhanced affinity. The serum levels of free T4, free T3, and TSH are normal. It is one of several T4 abnormalities produced by non-thyroid disorder. This condition is due to mutations of the ALB gene on CHROMOSOME 4. HN - 2006 MH - Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 UI - D051793 MN - D12.776.260.103.625 MN - D12.776.930.125.625 MS - A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in APOPTOSIS. It is composed of two subunits: ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR and HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit UI - D051795 MN - D12.776.260.103.625.750 MN - D12.776.930.125.625.750 MS - Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN. HN - 2006(2001) MH - I-kappa B Kinase UI - D051550 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.494 MN - D12.644.276.812 MN - D12.644.360.376 MN - D12.776.476.378 MS - A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit. HN - 2006(1997) FX - I-kappa B Proteins MH - Ikaros Transcription Factor UI - D051740 MN - D12.776.260.522.500 MN - D12.776.930.375.500 MS - A transcription factor that plays a role as a key regulator of HEMATOPOIESIS. Aberrant Ikaros expression has been associated with LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Imino Furanoses UI - D050113 MN - D2.491.567.249 MN - D3.383.773.371 MN - D9.477.249 MS - Five-carbon furanose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. HN - 2006 MH - Imino Pyranoses UI - D050112 MN - D2.491.567.500 MN - D3.383.621.300 MN - D9.477.500 MS - Six-carbon pyranose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. HN - 2006 MH - Imino Sugars UI - D050111 MN - D2.491.567 MN - D9.477 MS - Sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom. This substitution prevents normal METABOLISM resulting in inhibition of GLYCOSIDASES and GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES. HN - 2006 MH - Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein UI - D051819 MN - D12.776.260.457 MN - D12.776.660.486 MN - D12.776.930.327 MS - A ubiquitously expressed sequence-specific transcriptional repressor that is normally the target of signaling by NOTCH PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Immunoglobulin Subunits UI - D050440 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.705 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.705 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.705 MS - The PROTEIN SUBUNITS of the multimeric IMMUNOGLOBULIN proteins, such as IGA; IGD; IGE; IGG; and IGM. Included are the heavy and light chains which contain the specific ANTIGEN binding domains, as well as the accessory proteins that are part of the the secreted forms of IGM and IGA; (SECRETORY IGA). HN - 2006 MH - Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase UI - D050503 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.333 MS - A dioxygenase with specificity for the oxidation of the indoleamine ring of TRYPTOPHAN. It is an extrahepatic enzyme that plays a role in metabolism as the first and rate limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of TRYPTOPHAN catabolism. HN - 2006(1990); use TRYPTOPHAN OXYGENASE 1990-2005 MH - Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins UI - D051034 MN - D12.644.360.75.437 MN - D12.776.476.75.437 MS - A conserved class of proteins that control APOPTOSIS in both VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. The protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat. AN - APOPTOSIS REGULATORY PROTEINS is also available HN - 2006(1997) MH - Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 UI - D051798 MN - D12.776.930.329.249 MS - A negative regulator of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that blocks activation of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and is de-regulated in a variety of NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2 UI - D051797 MN - D12.776.930.329.500 MS - A negative regulator of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. It plays a role in regulating IMMUNOGLOBULIN E expression. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins UI - D051796 MN - D12.776.930.329 MS - Inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. They inhibit CELL DIFFERENTIATION and induce CELL PROLIFERATION by modulating different CELL CYCLE regulators. HN - 2006 MH - Inositol Oxygenase UI - D050562 MN - D8.811.682.690.562 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.281 MS - A non-heme IRON enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of MYOINOSITOL to D-glucuronic acid. The reaction is the first committed step in MYOINOSITOL catabolic pathway. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.11 and 1.99.2.6. HN - 2006(1980); use INOSITOL 1979 MH - Insulin-Secreting Cells UI - D050417 MN - A3.734.414.131 MN - A6.390.131 MN - A6.407.414.87 MN - A11.436.294.92 MS - A type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. Beta cells secrete INSULIN. AN - /transpl: do not routinely coordinate with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION HN - 2006; use ISLETS OF LANGERHANS 1980-2005 BX - beta Cells, Pancreatic BX - Pancreatic beta Cells MH - Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 UI - D050856 MN - D12.644.360.24.303.124 MN - D12.776.157.57.30.124 MN - D12.776.260.108.374 MN - D12.776.260.504.124 MN - D12.776.476.24.389.124 MN - D12.776.930.127.374 MN - D12.776.930.332.124 MS - An interferon regulatory factor that binds upstream TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORY ELEMENTS in the GENES for INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA. It functions as a transcriptional activator for the INTERFERON TYPE I genes. HN - 2006(1989) BX - IRF-1 Transcription Factor MH - Interferon Regulatory Factor-2 UI - D050836 MN - D12.644.360.24.303.249 MN - D12.776.157.57.30.249 MN - D12.776.260.504.249 MN - D12.776.476.24.389.249 MN - D12.776.930.332.249 MS - An interferon regulatory factor that represses transcription of TYPE I INTERFERONS and activates transcription of HISTONE H4. HN - 2006(1989) BX - IRF-2 Transcription Factor MH - Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 UI - D050838 MN - D12.644.360.24.303.374 MN - D12.776.157.57.30.374 MN - D12.776.260.504.374 MN - D12.776.476.24.389.374 MN - D12.776.744.562 MN - D12.776.930.332.374 MS - An interferon regulatory factor that is expressed constitutively and undergoes POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION following viral infection. PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA, and activates transcription. HN - 2006(1996) BX - IRF-3 Transcription Factor MH - Interferon Regulatory Factor-7 UI - D050839 MN - D12.644.360.24.303.437 MN - D12.776.157.57.30.437 MN - D12.776.260.504.437 MN - D12.776.476.24.389.437 MN - D12.776.744.631 MN - D12.776.930.332.437 MS - An interferon regulatory factor that is induced by INTERFERONS as well as LMP-1 protein from EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. IRF-7 undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION prior to nuclear translocation and it activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of multiple interferon GENES. HN - 2006(1997) BX - IRF-7 Transcription Factor MH - Interferon Regulatory Factors UI - D050835 MN - D12.644.360.24.303 MN - D12.776.157.57.30 MN - D12.776.260.504 MN - D12.776.476.24.389 MN - D12.776.930.332 MS - A family of transcription factors that share an N-terminal HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF and bind INTERFERON-inducible PROMOTERS to control GENE expression. IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence. HN - 2006 MH - Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3 UI - D050832 MN - D12.644.360.24.301 MN - D12.776.157.57.61 MN - D12.776.260.513 MN - D12.776.476.24.381 MN - D12.776.930.354 MS - A multimeric complex that functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. ISGF3 is assembled in the CYTOPLASM and translocated to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to INTERFERON signaling. It consists of ISGF3-GAMMA and ISGF3-ALPHA, and it regulates expression of many interferon-responsive GENES. HN - 2006(1990) BX - IFN-Stimulated Gene Factor 3 Complex BX - ISGF3 Transcription Factor MH - Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, alpha Subunit UI - D050833 MN - D12.644.360.24.301.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.61.500 MN - D12.776.260.513.249 MN - D12.776.476.24.381.500 MN - D12.776.930.354.249 MS - A heterodimeric complex of STAT1 PROTEIN and STAT2 PROTEIN that interacts with ISGF3GAMMA and is a subunit of the ISGF3 COMPLEX. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit UI - D050834 MN - D12.644.360.24.301.750 MN - D12.644.360.24.303.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.30.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.61.750 MN - D12.776.260.504.500 MN - D12.776.260.513.500 MN - D12.776.476.24.381.750 MN - D12.776.476.24.389.500 MN - D12.776.930.332.500 MN - D12.776.930.354.500 MS - An interferon regulatory factor that recruits STAT1 PROTEIN and STAT2 PROTEIN heterodimers to interferon-stimulated response elements and functions as an immediate-early protein. HN - 2006 MH - Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels UI - D051660 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.150.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.150.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.150.249 MS - A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT. HN - 2006(1997) BX - Potassium Channels, Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated MH - Intra-Abdominal Fat UI - D050152 MN - A10.165.114.160.500 MS - Fatty tissue inside the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, including visceral fat and retroperitoneal fat. It is the most metabolically active fat in the body and easily accessible for LIPOLYSIS. Increased visceral fat is associated with metabolic complications of OBESITY. HN - 2006 MH - Intracellular Calcium-Sensing Proteins UI - D052139 MN - D12.644.360.381 MN - D12.776.157.125.412 MN - D12.776.476.387 MS - Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins that bind to CALCIUM. They undergo allosteric changes when bound to CALCIUM that affects their interaction with other signal-transducing molecules. They differ from CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTORS which sense extracellular calcium levels. HN - 2006 FX - Receptors, Calcium-Sensing MH - Ipomoea nil UI - D049915 MN - B6.388.100.238.500.750 MS - A plant species of the genus IPOMOEA, family CONVOLVULACEAE. An abundance of spontaneous mutants makes it useful in study of PLANT DNA and GENETICS. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Isocoumarins UI - D049934 MN - D3.438.150.446.598 MN - D3.830.219.446.598 MS - Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule. HN - 2006 MH - Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase UI - D050769 MN - D8.811.682.660.462 MS - A mitochondrial flavoprotein, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA to 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Defects in the enzyme, is associated with isovaleric acidemia (IVA). HN - 2006(1973) MH - Kangai-1 Protein UI - D051861 MN - D12.776.395.550.465 MN - D12.776.543.550.462 MN - D12.776.624.776.482 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.475 MN - D23.101.100.110.475 MS - A widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a METASTASIS suppressor protein. It is under-expressed in a variety of human NEOPLASMS. HN - 2006(1993) BX - Antigens, CD82 MH - KCNQ Potassium Channels UI - D051656 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124.249 MS - A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY. HN - 2006(1996) MH - KCNQ1 Potassium Channel UI - D051657 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124.249.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.249.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124.249.500 MS - A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART. HN - 2006(1996) MH - KCNQ2 Potassium Channel UI - D051658 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124.249.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.249.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124.249.750 MS - A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS. HN - 2006(1998) MH - KCNQ3 Potassium Channel UI - D051659 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124.249.875 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.249.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124.249.875 MS - A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase UI - D050540 MN - D8.811.682.47.524 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate to (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate in the presence of NADP. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; ISOLEUCINE; pentothenate and COENZYME A. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.89. HN - 2006(1980); use VALERATES 1970-1979 MH - Kidney Diseases, Cystic UI - D052177 MN - C12.777.419.403 MN - C13.371.820.42 MS - A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC). AN - note specifics HN - 2006 MH - Knowledge Bases UI - D051188 MN - L1.224.65.480 MN - L1.700.508.300.550 MS - Collections of facts, assumptions, beliefs, and heuristics that are used in combination with DATABASES to achieve desired results, such as a diagnosis, an interpretation, or a solution to a problem (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). HN - 2006; use ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1987-2005) BX - Knowledge Bases (Computer) MH - Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors UI - D051741 MN - D12.776.260.522 MN - D12.776.930.375 MS - A family of zinc finger transcription factors that share homology with Kruppel protein, Drosophila. They contain a highly conserved seven amino acid spacer sequence in between their ZINC FINGER MOTIFS. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Kv Channel-Interacting Proteins UI - D051605 MN - D12.644.360.381.500.374 MN - D12.776.157.125.412.500.374 MN - D12.776.476.387.500.374 MN - D12.776.641.645.374 MS - A family of neuronal calcium-sensor proteins that interact with and regulate POTASSIUM CHANNELS, TYPE A. HN - 2006(1998) BX - Potassium Channel Interacting Proteins MH - Kv1.1 Potassium Channel UI - D051662 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.124 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.311 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.124 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.124 MS - A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Kv1.2 Potassium Channel UI - D051663 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.186 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.342 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.186 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.186 MS - A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Kv1.3 Potassium Channel UI - D051664 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.217 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.358 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.217 MS - A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Kv1.4 Potassium Channel UI - D051665 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.233 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.233 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.233 MS - A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Kv1.5 Potassium Channel UI - D051666 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124.374 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.241 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.374 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.241 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124.374 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.241 MS - A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Kv1.6 Potassium Channel UI - D051667 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.245 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.437 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.245 MS - A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that has been described in NEURONS and ASTROCYTES. HN - 2006(2004) MH - Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase UI - D050601 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.557 MS - An NADPH-dependent flavin monooxygenase that plays a key role in the catabolism of TRYPTOPHAN by catalyzing the HYDROXYLATION of KYNURENINE to 3-hydroxykynurenine. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.14.1.2 and EC 1.99.1.5. HN - 2006(1980); KYNURENINE 1973-1979 MH - L-Amino Acid Oxidase UI - D050830 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.677 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to KETO ACIDS with the generation of AMMONIA and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. L-amino acid oxidase is widely distributed in and is thought to contribute to the toxicity of SNAKE VENOMS. HN - 2006(1974) MH - L-Aminoadipate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase UI - D050647 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.796 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde to L-2-aminoadipate (alpha-aminoadipic acid). It is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of LYSINE. HN - 2006(1985) MH - L-Gulonolactone Oxidase UI - D050544 MN - D8.811.682.47.150.700.437 MS - An enzyme involved in the metabolism of ASCORBIC ACID and aldarate. It catalyzes the oxidation of L-gulono-1,4-lactone to L-xylo-hex-3-ulonolactone. HN - 2006(1980); use ALCOHOL OXIDOREDUCTASES & GLUCONATES 1973-1979 MH - L-Lysine 6-Transaminase UI - D051306 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.550 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-LYSINE onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde and L-GLUTAMATE. HN - 2006(1980) use TRANSAMINASES 1978-1979, & KETOGLUTARIC ACIDS 1978-1979 MH - Lactobacillus brevis UI - D052196 MN - B3.510.460.400.410.475.475.180 MS - A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID bacteria that is frequently used as starter culture in SILAGE fermentation, sourdough, and lactic-acid-fermented types of beer and wine. HN - 2006 MH - Lactobacillus fermentum UI - D052197 MN - B3.510.460.400.410.475.475.325 MS - A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria associated with DENTAL CARIES. HN - 2006 BX - Lactobacillus cellobiosus MH - Lactobacillus helveticus UI - D052198 MN - B3.510.460.400.410.475.475.400 MS - A species of gram-positive bacteria isolated from MILK and cheese-starter cultures. HN - 2006 MH - Lactobacillus leichmannii UI - D052199 MN - B3.510.460.400.410.475.475.506 MS - A species of gram-negative bacteria isolated from MILK, cheese, and compressed yeast. HN - 2006 MH - Lactobacillus reuteri UI - D052200 MN - B3.510.460.400.410.475.475.680 MS - A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID bacteria found naturally in the human intestinal flora and BREAST MILK. HN - 2006 MH - Lactobacillus rhamnosus UI - D052201 MN - B3.510.460.400.410.475.475.700 MS - A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria used in PROBIOTICS. HN - 2006 MH - Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits UI - D051037 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.150.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.150.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.150.500.249 MS - The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits UI - D051038 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.150.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.150.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.150.500.500 MS - The regulatory subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels UI - D051036 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.150.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.150.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.150.500 MS - A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues. HN - 2006(2993) MH - Leontopithecus UI - D051039 MN - B1.150.900.649.801.400.600.130.450 MS - The genus of lion tamarins in the family CALLITRICHIDAE. The common name refers to the mane on the shoulders. AN - diseases: coordinate IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM) HN - 2006; use CALLITRICHIDAE 1990-2005 BX - Tamarin, Golden BX - Tamarin, Lion MH - Leucine Dehydrogenase UI - D050803 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.724 MS - An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. Leucine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-LEUCINE, to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoisocaproate) and AMMONIA, with the corresponding reduction of the cofactor NAD+. HN - 2006(1970) MH - Leucine Transaminase UI - D051276 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.535 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-OXOGLUTARATE. HN - 2006(1980); use TRANSAMINASES 1973-1979, & KETOGLUTARIC ACID 1973-1979 MH - Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein UI - D051756 MN - D12.776.260.527 MN - D12.776.930.386 MS - A LEUCINE and DNA-binding protein that is found primarily in BACTERIA and ARCHAEA. It regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION involved in METABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS in response to the increased concentration of LEUCINE. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase UI - D050602 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.392.468 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the syn-dehydrogenation of linoleol-CoA gamma-linolenoyl-CoA. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.14.99.25. HN - 2006(1981) MH - Lipid Metabolism UI - D050356 MN - G6.535.520 MS - Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS. AN - general; prefer/metab with specific lipids HN - 2006 MH - Lipogenesis UI - D050155 MN - G6.535.520.249 MS - De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subsequent TRIGLYCERIDES in the LIVER and the ADIPOSE TISSUE. Lipogenesis is regulated by numerous factors, including nutritional, hormonal, and genetic elements. AN - do not confuse with ADIPOGENESIS, the differentiation of ADIPOCYTES HN - 2006 MH - Liquid Crystals UI - D050866 MN - J1.637.506 MS - Materials in intermediate state between solid and liquid. HN - 2006 FX - Colloids MH - Lithostathine UI - D051847 MN - D12.776.529 MS - The proteinaceous component of the pancreatic stone in patients with PANCREATITIS. HN - 2006(1982) BX - Pancreatic Stone Protein MH - Live Birth UI - D050498 MN - G8.520.769.530.249 MS - The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such a newborn is called a liveborn INFANT. AN - use only in relation to the outcome of the pregnancy; use BIRTH for the physiologic process of giving birth HN - 2006; use PREGNANCY OUTCOME 2004-2005 MH - Loligo UI - D049834 MN - B1.500.644.116.150.500 MS - A genus of SQUID in the family Loliginidae, superorder DECAPODIFORMES, with a spindle-shaped body. They are well-studied, common inshore squids of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, but their various species are taxonomically unresolved. HN - 2006 MH - Loma UI - D050262 MN - B5.360.500.500.600.500 MS - A genus of FUNGI, in the family Glugeidae, a parasite of ATLANTIC SALMON and other FISHES. AN - infection: coordinate IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coordinate with specific fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Lymphocyte Antigen 96 UI - D051218 MN - D12.776.157.478 MN - D23.50.301.593 MS - A secreted protein that associates with TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 and is essential for receptor recognition of LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. HN - 2006(1999) BX - MD-2 Protein MH - Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic UI - D051359 MN - C15.604.667.400.410.575 MS - A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive. HN - 2006; use HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS CELL 1990-2005 BX - Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphocytosis BX - Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial BX - Hemophagocytic Syndrome, Infection-Associated BX - Hemophagocytic Syndrome, Reactive BX - Hemophagocytic Syndromes BX - Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome MH - Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1 UI - D051821 MN - D12.776.260.730.500 MN - D12.776.660.235.400.800.500 MN - D12.776.664.235.400.800.500 MN - D12.776.930.875.500 MS - A T-cell factor that plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1 UI - D052118 MN - D12.776.395.550.550.500 MN - D12.776.395.550.625.449 MN - D12.776.543.550.527.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.625.449 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.675.554 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.512 MN - D23.101.100.110.512 MS - An abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and the PLASMA MEMBRANE. In PLATELETS and T-LYMPHOCYTES it may play a role in the cellular degranulation process. HN - 2006(1986) BX - Antigens, CD107a BX - CD107a Antigens MH - Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2 UI - D052119 MN - D12.776.395.550.550.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.527.750 MN - D23.50.301.264.35.531 MN - D23.101.100.110.531 MS - An abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and the PLASMA MEMBRANE. Loss of expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 is associated with GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE IIB. HN - 2006(1986) BX - Antigens, CD107b BX - CD107b Antigens MH - Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins UI - D051907 MN - D12.776.395.550.550 MN - D12.776.543.550.527 MS - Ubiquitously expressed integral membrane glycoproteins found in the LYSOSOME. HN - 2006(1986) BX - Lysosomal Membrane Proteins MH - Maf Transcription Factors UI - D050977 MN - D12.776.260.108.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.500 MS - Maf transcription factors are a family of basic-leucine zipper transcription factors that are closely related to V-MAF ONCOGENE PROTEIN. The C-MAF PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN was the first mammalian Maf transcription factor identified, and now the family is known to include a variety of other Maf proteins such as MAFB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MAFF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MAFG TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; and MAFK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. HN - 2006 MH - Maf Transcription Factors, Large UI - D051473 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.61 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.61 MS - A family of high molecular weight Maf transcription factors that contain distinct activation domains. HN - 2006 BX - Large Maf Transcription Factors MH - Maf Transcription Factors, Small UI - D050978 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.500 MN - D12.776.260.108.656.750 MN - D12.776.260.235.750.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.656.750 MN - D12.776.930.316.750.750 MS - A family of Maf Transcription Factors that lack activation domains. Small Maf proteins function as transcriptional repressors or form heterodimeric complexes to serve as transcriptional coactivators. Small Maf proteins include MafF, MafG, and MafK. HN - 2006 MH - MafB Transcription Factor UI - D051258 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.61.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.61.500 MS - A large maf protein that regulates HINDBRAIN development, contributes to CELL DIFFERENTIATION of MONOCYTES, and interacts with ETS-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. HN - 2006 BX - MafB Proteins MH - MafF Transcription Factor UI - D051260 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.500.249 MN - D12.776.260.108.656.750.249 MN - D12.776.260.235.750.750.249 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.500.249 MN - D12.776.930.127.656.750.249 MN - D12.776.930.316.750.750.249 MS - A small maf protein that forms dimers with NRF1 PROTEIN; NRF2 PROTEIN; and P45 NF-E2 PROTEIN. MafF complexes bind Maf recognition elements to regulate tissue-specific gene TRANSCRIPTION. HN - 2006 MH - MafG Transcription Factor UI - D051259 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.500.500 MN - D12.776.260.108.656.750.500 MN - D12.776.260.235.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.500.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.656.750.500 MN - D12.776.930.316.750.750.500 MS - MafG is a ubiquitously expressed small maf protein that is involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION of ERYTHROCYTES. It dimerizes with P45 NF-E2 PROTEIN and activates expression of ALPHA-GLOBIN and BETA-GLOBIN. HN - 2006 MH - MafK Transcription Factor UI - D050985 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.500.750 MN - D12.776.260.108.656.750.750 MN - D12.776.260.235.750.750.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.500.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.656.750.750 MN - D12.776.930.316.750.750.750 MS - A small Maf protein involved in differentiation of ERYTHROID CELLS. MafK was originally described as the small subunit of the NF-E2 Transcription Factor, but other SMALL MAF PROTEINS also serve as NF-E2 subunits. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Malate Dehydrogenase (NADP+) UI - D050538 MN - D8.811.682.47.748 MS - A light-activated enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of (S)-malate to OXALOACETATE. It is involved in PYRUVATE metabolism and CARBON fixation. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Malonate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (Acetylating) UI - D050605 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.812 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-oxopropanoate (malonate semialdehyde) to acetyl COENZYME A. It plays a role in the metabolism of BETA-ALANINE. HN - 2006(1987) MH - Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases UI - D050606 MN - D8.811.277.656.300.760.501 MN - D12.776.124.486.274.860.387.875 MS - Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006 (1994) MH - Medical Order Entry Systems UI - D050316 MN - L1.700.508.300.408.600 MN - L1.700.508.300.680.360.450 MN - L1.700.508.300.695.600 MN - N4.452.442.452.500 MN - N4.452.515.360.500 MN - N4.452.859.564.650.500 MS - Information systems, usually computer-assisted, that enable providers to initiate medical procedures, prescribe medications, etc. These systems support medical decision-making and error-reduction during patient care. HN - 2006 BX - CPOE BX - Order Entry Systems, Medical FX - Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted FX - Medication Systems, Hospital FX - Point-of-Care Systems MH - Membrane Fusion Proteins UI - D050576 MN - D12.776.543.512 MS - Proteins that catalyze MEMBRANE FUSION. AN - for chimeric membrane fusion proteins coordinate with RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS, if resulting from ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION, or MUTANT CHIMERIC PROTEINS HN - 2006 MH - Membrane Transport Modulators UI - D049990 MN - D27.505.519.562 MS - Agents that affect ION PUMPS; ION CHANNELS; ABC TRANSPORTERS; and other MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 MH - Mercenaria UI - D049891 MN - B1.500.644.80.500 MS - A genus of hard-shelled clams in the family Veneridae, class BIVALVIA, commonly called quahogs. They are found just below the surface in the subtidal or lower intertidal coastal waters. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Quahogs MH - Mesangial Cells UI - D050527 MN - A5.810.453.324.359.450 MN - A5.810.453.736.520.450 MN - A11.329.228.950 MS - Smooth muscle-like cells adhering to the wall of the small blood vessels of the KIDNEY at the glomerulus and along the vascular pole of the glomerulus in the JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS. They are myofibroblasts with contractile and phagocytic properties. These cells and their MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX constitute the GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM. HN - 2006 BX - Glomerular Mesangial Cells MH - Mesomycetozoea UI - D050298 MN - B8 MS - A class of parasitic and saprophytic microorganisms whose origins can be traced near the animal-fungal divergence. Members of the class are typically pathogens of FISHES, but there are exceptions. There are two recognized orders: Icthyophonida and Dermocystida. AN - infection = MESOMYCETOZOEA INFECTIONS; use /parasitol not /microbiol on other terms to indicate the presence of Mesomycetozoea HN - 2006 BX - Ichthyosporea MH - Mesomycetozoea Infections UI - D050738 MN - C3.600 MS - Infections by MESOMYCETOZOEA, general or unspecified. HN - 2006 MH - Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I UI - D050216 MN - G6.535.780.202.820.500 MN - G12.91.690.140.600.500 MS - Functionalization of exogenous substances to prepare them for conjugation in PHASE II DETOXIFICATION. Phase I enzymes include CYTOCHROME P450 enzymes and some OXIDOREDUCTASES. Excess induction of phase I over phase II detoxification leads to higher levels of FREE RADICALS that can induce CANCER and other cell damage. Induction or antagonism of phase I detoxication is the basis of a number of DRUG INTERACTIONS. HN - 2006 FX - Drug Interactions MH - Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II UI - D050217 MN - G6.535.780.202.820.750 MN - G12.91.690.140.600.750 MS - Conjugation of exogenous substances with various hydrophilic substituents to form water soluble products that are excretable in URINE. Phase II modifications include GLUTATHIONE; ACYLATION; and AMINATION. Phase II enzymes include GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE and GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. In a sense these reactions detoxify phase I reaction products. HN - 2006 FX - Protein Processing, Post-Translational MH - Metacarpal Bones UI - D050279 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.550 MS - The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally. AN - do not confuse with METACARPUS, the anatomical region HN - 2006 BX - Metacarpals FX - Metacarpus MH - Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 UI - D051783 MN - D12.776.260.536 MN - D12.776.660.235.550 MN - D12.776.664.235.700 MS - A DNA-binding protein that interacts with methylated CPG ISLANDS. It plays a role in repressing TRANSCRIPTION and is frequently mutated in RETT SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1992) FX - Rett Syndrome MH - Methylmalonate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (Acylating) UI - D050646 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.827 MS - An enzyme that plays a role in the VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE catabolic pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of 2-methyl-3-oxopropanate to propanoyl-CoA using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by elevated BETA-ALANINE and 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID. HN - 2006(1987) MH - Mice UI - D051379 MN - B1.150.900.649.865.635.505.500 MS - The common name for the genus Mus. AN - check tag: NIM no qualifiers for MICE, the genus MUS unspecified, or any MUS species HN - 2006 BX - Mice, House BX - Mus BX - Mus musculus MH - Microbial Viability UI - D050296 MN - G4.185.515.620 MS - Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate. HN - 2006 BX - Bacterial Viability BX - Virus Viability FX - Colony Count, Microbial MH - Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor UI - D051739 MN - D12.776.260.103.500.500 MN - D12.776.260.108.92.500 MN - D12.776.930.125.500.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.92.500 MS - A basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates the CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development of a variety of cell types including MELANOCYTES; OSTEOCLASTS; and RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Mutations in MITF protein have been associated with OSTEOPETROSIS and WAARDENBURG'S SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Minke Whale UI - D050636 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.100.500 MS - The species Balaenoptera acutorostrata, in the family Balaenopteridae. It is the smallest of the WHALES in the family and though mainly oceanic, is often found in coastal waters including bays and estuaries. HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005 MH - Mitochondrial Membranes UI - D051336 MN - A11.284.149.450.349 MN - A11.284.835.514.349 MS - The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE). HN - 2006 MH - Mitosis Modulators UI - D050258 MN - D27.505.519.593 MS - Agents that affect MITOSIS of CELLS. HN - 2006 MH - Mobility Limitation UI - D051346 MN - C23.888.550 MS - Difficulty in walking from place to place. HN - 2006 BX - Ambulation Difficulty FX - Dependent Ambulation MH - Monckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis UI - D050380 MN - C14.907.137.126.834 MS - Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of muscular ARTERIES due to calcification of the TUNICA MEDIA, the concentric layers of helically arranged SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. HN - 2006; use ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2001-2005 MH - Monoglycerides UI - D050178 MN - D10.351.676 MS - GLYCEROL esterified with a single acyl (FATTY ACIDS) chain. HN - 2006; use GLYCERIDES (1963-2005) BX - Monoacylglycerols MH - MSX1 Transcription Factor UI - D051957 MN - D12.776.260.400.436 MN - D12.776.930.440 MS - A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Mucositis UI - D052016 MN - C6.405.205.798 MN - C7.465.584 MS - An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY). HN - 2006 MH - Mulibrey Nanism UI - D050336 MN - C5.116.99.343.796 MN - C16.320.240.875 MS - Growth failure from birth that is due to mutations in a gene (TRIM37) on chromosome 17q22-q23 which encodes a RING-B-box-coiled-coil protein. AN - mulibrey (stands for MUscle, LIver, BRain, EYes): spell in titles & translations with lowercase m HN - 2006; use DWARFISM 1998-2005 BX - Nanism, Mulibrey MH - Munc18 Proteins UI - D051938 MN - D12.776.543.990.587 MS - A family of proteins involved in intracellular membrane trafficking. They interact with SYNTAXINS and play important roles in vesicular docking and fusion during EXOCYTOSIS. Their name derives from the fact that they are related to Unc-18 protein, C elegans. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Murinae UI - D051189 MN - B1.150.900.649.865.635.505 MS - A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the Old World MICE and RATS. AN - do not check tags MICE or RATS for MURINAE or its entry terms such as RATS, BANDICOOT; do not confuse BANDICOOT RATS with bandicoot (= MARSUPIALIA) HN - 2006; for ACOMYS, APODEMUS, BANDICOTA, MASTOMYS, PRAOMYS, and RATS, BANDICOTT use MURIDAE 1982-2005 BX - Acomys BX - Apodemus BX - Bandicoot Rats BX - Bandicota BX - Mastomys BX - Praomys BX - Rats, Bandicoot MH - Mutant Chimeric Proteins UI - D050506 MN - D12.776.602.500 MS - Proteins produced from GENES that have mutated by the fusing of protein coding regions of more than one gene. HN - 2006 MH - Mutant Proteins UI - D050505 MN - D12.776.602 MS - Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS. AN - coordinate with specific mutant protein HN - 2006 MH - MutS DNA Mismatch-Binding Protein UI - D051719 MN - D8.811.74.781 MN - D8.811.277.40.25.237 MN - D12.776.97.537 MN - D12.776.260.541 MS - A methyl-directed mismatch DNA REPAIR protein that has weak ATPASE activity. MutS was originally described in ESCHERICHIA COLI. HN - 2006(1991) MH - MutS Homolog 2 Protein UI - D051718 MN - D8.811.74.812 MN - D8.811.277.40.25.281 MN - D12.776.260.551 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.130 MS - MutS homolog 2 protein is found throughout eukaryotes and is a homolog of the MUTS DNA MISMATCH-BINDING PROTEIN. It plays an essential role in meiotic RECOMBINATION and DNA REPAIR of mismatched NUCLEOTIDES. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Mya UI - D049892 MN - B1.500.644.80.535 MS - A genus of soft-shell clams in the family Myidae, class BIVALVIA. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Clams, Softshell MH - Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein UI - D051788 MN - D12.776.260.560 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.148 MN - D12.776.930.483 MS - Myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is a transcription factor that maintains high levels of HOMEOTIC GENE expression during development. The GENE for myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is commonly disrupted in LEUKEMIA and combines with over 40 partner genes to form FUSION ONCOGENE PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5 UI - D051787 MN - D12.776.210.500.570.595 MN - D12.776.260.103.750.595 MN - D12.776.930.125.750.595 MS - A SKELETAL MUSCLE-specific transcription factor that contains a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF. It plays an essential role in MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2006(1989) MH - Mytilidae UI - D049879 MN - B1.500.644.80.537 MS - A family of marine MUSSELS in the class BIVALVIA. HN - 2006 MH - Mytilus UI - D049878 MN - B1.500.644.80.537.500 MS - A genus of marine mussels in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. The species MYTILUS EDULIS is the highly edible common mussel. HN - 2006; use BIVALVIA 1979-2005 MH - Mytilus edulis UI - D049880 MN - B1.500.644.80.537.500.500 MS - A species of mussel in the genus MYTILUS, family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA, known as the common mussel. It has a bluish-black shell and is highly edible. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Mussels, Blue BX - Mussels, Common MH - N-Acylsphingosine Galactosyltransferase UI - D051146 MN - D8.811.913.400.450.400.100 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose and N-acylsphingosine to D-galactosylceramide and UDP. HN - 2006(1980) use CERAMIDES 1979 MH - N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins UI - D052066 MN - D8.811.277.40.25.303 MS - ATPases that are members of the AAA protein superfamily (ATPase family Associated with various cellular Activities). The NSFs functions, acting in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEINS (i.e. SNAPs, which have no relation to SNAP 25), are to dissociate SNARE complexes. HN - 2006 FX - Membrane Fusion FX - Membrane Fusion Proteins MH - Nanomedicine UI - D050997 MN - H1.603.600 MN - J1.897.115.625 MN - J1.897.520.600.600 MS - The branch of medicine concerned with the application of NANOTECHNOLOGY to the prevention and treatment of disease. It involves the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and NANOSTRUCTURES. (From Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, vol 1, 1999). HN - 2006 MH - Nautilus UI - D049850 MN - B1.500.644.116.550 MS - The sole genus in the family Nautilidae, order Nautilida, comprised of CEPHALOPODS with spiral external shells that are separated into chambers. HN - 2006 MH - Neuralgia, Postherpetic UI - D051474 MN - C10.597.617.682.550 MN - C10.668.829.600.550 MN - C23.888.592.612.664.550 MN - C23.888.646.508.550 MS - Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OPTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists. HN - 2006 FX - Herpes Zoster MH - Neurocalcin UI - D051596 MN - D12.644.360.381.500.500 MN - D12.776.157.125.412.500.500 MN - D12.776.476.387.500.500 MN - D12.776.641.645.500 MS - A neuronal calcium sensor protein that is expressed as several isoforms and can interact with ACTIN; TUBULIN; and CLATHRIN. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Neuroendocrine Secretory Protein 7B2 UI - D051859 MN - D12.776.580.845 MN - D12.776.641.615 MS - An acidic protein found in the NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM that functions as a molecular chaperone for PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 2. HN - 2006(1985) MH - Neurogranin UI - D051579 MN - D12.776.157.142.500 MN - D12.776.641.640 MS - A BRAIN-specific substrate for PROTEIN KINASE C that binds CALMODULIN and is involved in regulation of CALCIUM SIGNALING. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein UI - D051616 MN - D12.644.360.75.437.500 MN - D12.776.476.75.437.500 MN - D12.776.641.642 MS - An inhibitor of apoptosis protein that was initially identified during analysis of CHROMOSOME DELETIONS associated with SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY. Naip contains a nucleotide binding oligomerization domain and a carboxy-terminal LEUCINE rich repeat. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins UI - D051580 MN - D12.644.360.381.500 MN - D12.776.157.125.412.500 MN - D12.776.476.387.500 MN - D12.776.641.645 MS - A family of intracellular calcium-sensing proteins found predominately in NEURONS and PHOTORECEPTORS. They contain EF HAND MOTIFS and undergo conformational changes upon calcium-binding. Neuronal calcium-sensor proteins interact with other regulatory proteins to mediate physiological responses to a change in intracellular calcium concentration. HN - 2006 MH - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins UI - D050479 MN - D12.776.157.530.562 MN - D12.776.543.585.562 MS - Membrane transport proteins found predominately in NEURONS and neuroendocrine cells that facilitate neurotransmitter transport. They include two distinct families of proteins that transport NEUROTRANSMITTERS across the PLASMA MEMBRANE and that transport NEUROTRANSMITTERS into SECRETORY VESICLES. HN - 2006 BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters MH - Neurturin UI - D051101 MN - D12.776.467.875.381.750 MN - D12.776.641.600.381.750 MN - D23.348.479.875.381.750 MN - D23.348.686.381.750 MS - A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ligand that is specific for the GFRA2 RECEPTOR. Neurturin is essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic NEURONS. HN - 2006(1997) MH - NF-E2 Transcription Factor UI - D050983 MN - D12.776.260.108.656 MN - D12.776.260.235.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.656 MN - D12.776.930.316.750 MS - A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates GLOBIN gene expression and is related to TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1. NF-E2 consists of a SMALL MAF PROTEIN subunit and a tissue-restricted 45 kDa subunit. HN - 2006(1980) MH - NF-E2 Transcription Factor, p45 Subunit UI - D050984 MN - D12.776.260.108.656.770 MN - D12.776.260.235.750.770 MN - D12.776.930.127.656.770 MN - D12.776.930.316.750.770 MS - A tissue-specific subunit of NF-E2 transcription factor that interacts with SMALL MAF PROTEINS to regulate gene expression. P45 NF-E2 protein is expressed primarily in MEGAKARYOCYTES; ERYTHROID CELLS; and MAST CELLS. HN - 2006(2005) MH - NF-E2-Related Factor 1 UI - D051265 MN - D12.776.260.108.710 MN - D12.776.930.127.710 MS - A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is involved in regulating inflammatory responses, MORPHOGENESIS, and HEME biosynthesis. HN - 2006(1993) MH - NF-E2-Related Factor 2 UI - D051267 MN - D12.776.260.108.737 MN - D12.776.930.127.737 MS - A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that was originally described as a transcriptional regulator controlling expression of the BETA-GLOBIN gene. It may regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes that play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. HN - 2006(1994) MH - NF-kappa B p50 Subunit UI - D052002 MN - D12.776.260.600.124 MN - D12.776.660.600.124 MN - D12.776.930.600.124 MS - A component of NF-kappa B transcription factor. It is proteolytically processed from NF-kappa B p105 precursor protein and is capable of forming dimeric complexes with itself or with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RELA. It regulates expression of GENES involved in immune and inflammatory responses. HN - 2006(1992) MH - NF-kappa B p52 Subunit UI - D052003 MN - D12.776.260.600.186 MN - D12.776.660.600.186 MN - D12.776.930.600.186 MS - A component of NF-kappa B transcription factor. It is proteolytically processed from NF-kappa B p100 precursor protein and is important for maturation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and adaptive HUMORAL IMMUNITY. HN - 2006(1993) MH - NFATC Transcription Factors UI - D050778 MN - D12.776.930.608 MS - A family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of highly conserved calcineurin- and DNA-binding domains. NFAT proteins are activated in the CYTOPLASM by the calcium-dependent phosphatase CALCINEURIN. They transduce calcium signals to the nucleus where they can interact with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 or NF-KAPPA B and initiate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development. NFAT proteins stimulate T-CELL activation through the induction of IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES such as INTERLEUKIN-2. HN - 2006(1993) BX - NFAT Transcription Factor 1 BX - NFAT Transcription Factor 2 BX - NFAT Transcription Factor 3 BX - NFAT Transcription Factor 4 BX - NFAT Transcription Factor 5 BX - Nuclear Factors of Activated T-Cells MH - NFI Transcription Factors UI - D051839 MN - D12.776.260.605 MN - D12.776.930.612 MS - Transcription factors that were originally identified as site-specific DNA-binding proteins essential for DNA REPLICATION by ADENOVIRUSES. They play important roles in MAMMARY GLAND function and development. HN - 2006(1984) MH - Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase UI - D050903 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.650 MS - An enzyme found primarily in the LIVER that catalyzes the N-methylation of NICOTINAMIDE and other structurally related compounds. HN - 2006(1983) MH - Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome UI - D049932 MN - C18.452.284.600 MS - A chromosome instability syndrome resulting from a defective response to DNA double-strand breaks. In addition to characteristic FACIES and MICROCEPHALY, patients have a range of findings including RADIOSENSITIVITY, immunodeficiency, increased cancer risk, and growth retardation. Causative mutations occur in the NBS1 gene, located on human chromosome 8q21. NBS1 codes for nibrin, the key regulator protein of the R/M/N (RAD50/MRE11/NBS1) protein complex which senses and mediates cellular response to DNA DAMAGE caused by IONIZING RADIATION. HN - 2006 MH - Nitrate Reductase UI - D050901 MN - D8.811.682.655.500.124 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM. AN - note other specific nitrate reductases are available HN - 2006(1985) MH - Nitrate Reductase (NAD(P)H) UI - D050896 MN - D8.811.682.655.500.249 MN - D12.776.157.427.374.375.977 MN - D12.776.331.901 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.375.977 MS - An iron-sulfur and MOLYBDENUM containing FLAVOPROTEIN that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. This enzyme can use either NAD or NADP as cofactors. It is a key enzyme that is involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in PLANTS, FUNGI and BACTERIA. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.2. AN - do not confuse with NITRATE REDUCTASE (NADPH) or NITRATE REDUCTASE (NADH) or NITRITE REDUCTASE (NAD(P)H) HN - 2006 MH - Nitrate Reductase (NADH) UI - D050895 MN - D8.811.682.655.500.200 MN - D12.776.331.899 MS - An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a FLAVOPROTEIN that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM and is involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in PLANTS; FUNGI; and BACTERIA. It was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.1. AN - do not confuse with NITRATE REDUCTASE (NAD(P)H) or NITRATE REDUCTASE (NADPH) HN - 2006(1981) MH - Nitrate Reductase (NADPH) UI - D050897 MN - D8.811.682.655.500.374 MN - D12.776.157.427.374.375.988 MN - D12.776.331.911 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.375.988 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate in the presence of NADP+. It is a FLAVOPROTEIN that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.3 and should not be confused with the enzyme NITRATE REDUCTASE (NAD(P)H). AN - do not confuse with NITRATE REDUCTASE (NAD(P)H) or NITRATE REDUCTASE (NADH) HN - 2006(2004) MH - Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I UI - D052248 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.772.249 MS - A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric acid synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II UI - D052247 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.772.500 MS - A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES. HN - 2006 MH - Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III UI - D052250 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.772.750 MS - A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric acid synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Nitrite Reductase (NAD(P)H) UI - D050898 MN - D8.811.682.655.750.500 MS - An enzyme found primarily in BACTERIA and FUNGI that catalyzes the oxidation of AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE to nitrite. It is an iron-sulfur HEME; FLAVOPROTEIN containing SIROHEME and can utilize both NAD and NADP as cofactors. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.4. AN - do not confuse with NITRATE REDUCTASE (NAD(P)H) HN - 2006(1981) MH - Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050484 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.186 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.186 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.500.750 MS - Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of noradrenergic neurons. They remove NOREPINEPHRINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. It regulates signal amplitude and duration at noradrenergic synapses and is the target of ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Noradrenaline-Specific BX - Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transporter Proteins BX - Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transporters MH - Nostoc commune UI - D050501 MN - B3.280.575.150 MN - B3.440.475.100.575.150 MS - A form species of spore-producing CYANOBACTERIA, in the family Nostocaceae, order Nostocales. It is an important source of fixed NITROGEN in nutrient-depleted soils. When wet, it appears as a jelly-like mass. HN - 2006 MH - Nostoc muscorum UI - D050502 MN - B3.280.575.500 MN - B3.440.475.100.575.500 MS - A form-species of nitrogen-fixing CYANOBACTERIA, in the family Nostocaceae, order Nostocales. HN - 2006 MH - Nuclear Export Signals UI - D049790 MN - D12.644.770.600 MN - G6.184.603.60.670.600 MS - Specific amino acid sequences present in the primary amino acid sequence of proteins which mediate their export from the CELL NUCLEUS. They are rich in hydrophobic residues, such as LEUCINE and ISOLEUCINE. HN - 2006 FX - Active Transport, Cell Nucleus MH - Nuclear Factor 45 Protein UI - D051903 MN - D12.776.157.725.444.500 MN - D12.776.930.616.500 MS - A protein subunit that takes part in forming nuclear factor 90 protein complexes. HN - 2006(1993) BX - Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor 2 MH - Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins UI - D050779 MN - D12.776.157.725.444 MN - D12.776.930.616 MS - A family of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that are related to NFATC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. In addition to binding to RNA, nuclear factor 90 proteins form heterodimeric complexes that regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and may play a role in T-CELL activation. HN - 2006(1993) BX - Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor 3 BX - Nuclear Factor 90 Protein MH - Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2 UI - D051958 MN - D12.776.930.617 MS - A transcription factor that partners with ligand bound GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS and ESTROGEN RECEPTORS to stimulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. It plays an important role in FERTILITY as well as in METABOLISM of LIPIDS. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 UI - D051266 MN - D12.776.260.615.500 MN - D12.776.930.618.500 MS - A transcription factor that controls the expression of variety of proteins including CYTOCHROME C and 5-AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHETASE. It plays an important role in maintenance of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of MITOCHONDRIA. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Nuclear Respiratory Factors UI - D051264 MN - D12.776.260.615 MN - D12.776.930.618 MS - A family of transcription factors that control expression of a variety of nuclear GENES encoding proteins that function in the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of the MITOCHONDRIA. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Octamer Transcription Factor-1 UI - D050811 MN - D12.776.260.655.500.100 MN - D12.776.930.632.500.100 MS - A ubiquitously expressed octamer transcription factor that regulates TRANSCRIPTION of SMALL NUCLEAR RNA, IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES and HISTONE H2B genes. HN - 2006(1986) BX - Oct-1 Transcription Factor BX - Transcription Factor Oct-1 MH - Octamer Transcription Factor-2 UI - D050813 MN - D12.776.260.655.500.200 MN - D12.776.930.632.500.200 MS - An octamer transcription factor expressed primarily in B-LYMPHOCYTES and the developing CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that regulates TRANSCRIPTION of IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. HN - 2006 BX - Oct-2 Transcription Factor BX - Transcription Factor Oct-2 MH - Octamer Transcription Factor-3 UI - D050814 MN - D12.776.260.655.500.300 MN - D12.776.930.632.500.300 MS - An octamer transcription factor that is expressed primarily in totipotent embryonic STEM CELLS and GERM CELLS and is down-regulated during CELL DIFFERENTIATION. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Oct-3 Transcription Factor BX - Transcription Factor Oct-3 MH - Octamer Transcription Factor-6 UI - D050816 MN - D12.776.260.655.500.600 MN - D12.776.930.632.500.600 MS - An octamer transcription factor that plays an important role in the MYELIN SHEATH development by SCHWANN CELLS. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Oct-6 Transcription Factor BX - Transcription Factor Oct-6 MH - Octamer Transcription Factors UI - D050810 MN - D12.776.260.655.500 MN - D12.776.930.632.500 MS - A family of POU domain factors that bind the octamer motif ATTTGCAT in PROMOTER and ENHANCER regions to regulate GENE EXPRESSION. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 MH - Octopodiformes UI - D049831 MN - B1.500.644.116.600 MS - A superorder in the class CEPHALOPODA, consisting of the orders Octopoda (octopus) with over 200 species and Vampyromorpha with a single species. The latter is a phylogenetic relic but holds the key to the origins of Octopoda. AN - OCTOPUS as animal and food HN - 2006 BX - Octopoda BX - Octopus MH - Odontogenic Tumor, Squamous UI - D051527 MN - C4.557.695.607 MS - A well-differentiated, benign, hamartomatous proliferation of odontogenic epithelium, probably arising from the rests of Malassez. AN - coordinate IM with probably JAW NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoordinated jaw/neoplasm term (IM) HN - 2006; use AMELOBLASTOMA 1994-2005 BX - Squamous Odontogenic Tumor MH - Olfactory Marker Protein UI - D051842 MN - D12.644.360.543 MN - D12.776.476.543 MN - D12.776.641.652 MS - A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HN - 2006(1982) MH - Oncogene Fusion UI - D050596 MN - G5.760.385.500 MS - The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES, including an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners. Such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. HN - 2006 FX - Oncogene Proteins, Fusion MH - Oncogene Protein tpr-met UI - D050490 MN - D12.776.602.500.500.660 MN - D12.776.624.664.500.660 MS - The GENETIC TRANSLATION product from a GENE FUSION between a sequence from the tpr protein gene on the human CHROMOSOME 1 and the gene for PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-MET. HN - 2006; use ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION 1990-2005 BX - Fusion Proteins, tpr-met MH - Oncogene Protein v-akt UI - D051058 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.586 MN - D12.776.624.664.520.750.788 MS - A viral oncoprotein originally isolated from a murine T CELL LYMPHOMA infected with the acutely transforming retrovirus AKT8. v-akt protein is the viral homologue of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-AKT. HN - 2006(1987) BX - akt-Oncogene Protein BX - v-akt Protein MH - Oncogene Protein v-cbl UI - D050722 MN - D12.776.624.664.520.750.817 MS - An oncoprotein from the Cas NS-1 murine retrovirus that induces pre- B-CELL LYMPHOMA and MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. v-cbl protein is a tyrosine-phosphorylated, truncated form of its cellular homologue, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CBL. HN - 2006(1989) BX - cbl Oncogene Protein BX - v-cbl Protein MH - Oncogene Protein v-crk UI - D050736 MN - D12.776.624.664.520.750.846 MS - A signal transducing adaptor protein that is encoded by the crk ONCOGENE from TYPE C AVIAN RETROVIRUSES. It contains SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and is closely related to its cellular homolog, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK. HN - 2006(1989) BX - crk Oncogene Protein BX - v-crk Protein MH - Oncogene Protein v-maf UI - D051256 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.61.625 MN - D12.776.624.664.520.750.860 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.61.625 MN - D12.776.964.700.750.817 MN - D12.776.964.775.750.817 MS - An oncogene protein that was originally isolated from a spontaneous musculo-aponeurotic FIBROSARCOMA in CHICKEN and shown to be the transforming gene of the avian retrovirus AS42. It is a basic leucine zipper TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and the founding member of the MAF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. HN - 2006(1993) BX - maf Oncogene Protein BX - v-maf Protein MH - Oncolytic Virotherapy UI - D050130 MN - E2.95.601 MS - Use of attenuated VIRUSES as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to selectively kill CANCER cells. HN - 2006 FX - Oncolytic Viruses MH - Oncolytic Viruses UI - D050504 MN - B4.700 MS - Tumor-selective, replication competent VIRUSES that have antineoplastic effects. This is achieved by producing cytotoxicity-enhancing proteins and/or eliciting an antitumor immune response. They are genetically engineered so that they can replicate in CANCER cells but not in normal cells, and are used in ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY. AN - ONCOGENIC VIRUSES is available HN - 2006, 1966-1993; use VIRUSES 1994-2005 FX - Oncolytic Virotherapy MH - Onecut Transcription Factors UI - D051558 MN - D12.776.260.400.624 MN - D12.776.930.620 MS - A family of transcription factors that contain a single cut domain and a divergent homeodomain. They regulate gene networks by controlling the expression of other transcription factors and they play an important role in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and METABOLISM. HN - 2006 MH - Organogold Compounds UI - D050607 MN - D2.691.675 MS - Organic compounds that contain GOLD as an integral part of the molecule. Some are used as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS. The term chrysotherapy derives from an ancient Greek term for gold. HN - 2006 FX - Gold Sodium Thiosulfate MH - Origin Recognition Complex UI - D051738 MN - D12.776.260.640 MS - The origin recognition complex is a multi-subunit DNA-binding protein that initiates DNA REPLICATION in eukaryotes. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures UI - D052280 MN - E6.658.337 MS - Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces. AN - consider also DENTAL IMPLANTS HN - 2006 MH - Orthodontic Extrusion UI - D050793 MN - E6.658.578.225 MS - Orthodontic movement in the coronal direction achieved by outward tension on the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT. It does not include the operative procedure that CROWN LENGTHENING involves. HN - 2006; use TOOTH MOVEMENT 1998-2005 BX - Tooth Extrusion FX - Crown Lengthening MH - Ostrea UI - D049895 MN - B1.500.644.80.643.600 MS - A genus of oysters in the family OSTREIDAE, which includes the edible true oyster, Ostrea edulis. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM); index oysters unspecified at OYSTERS see OSTREIDAE HN - 2006 BX - Oysters, True MH - Otx Transcription Factors UI - D051857 MN - D12.776.260.400.718 MN - D12.776.930.621 MS - A family of VERTEBRATE homeodomain proteins that share homology with orthodenticle protein, Drosophila. They regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and play an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the BRAIN. HN - 2006(2000) MH - Overweight UI - D050177 MN - C23.888.144.699 MN - E1.370.600.115.100.160.120.699 MN - G7.290.100.160.120.699 MN - G7.574.249.314.120.699 MS - A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat". HN - 2006 MH - Oviparity UI - D052287 MN - G8.520.478 MS - The capability of producing eggs (OVA) from which young are hatched outside the body. While mostly referring to nonmammalian species, this does include MAMMALS of the order MONOTREMATA. HN - 2006 FX - Clutch Size FX - Oviposition MH - Ovoviviparity UI - D052285 MN - G8.520.680 MS - The capability of producing yolk-filled eggs that hatch within the body, so that the young are born alive, but without placental attachment. This applies to certain species of REPTILES and FISHES. HN - 2006 FX - Clutch Size MH - Oxidoreductases Acting on Aldehyde or Oxo Group Donors UI - D050837 MN - D8.811.682.657 MS - A broad category of oxidoreductases that either reduce double bonds or oxidize single bonds between OXYGEN and CARBON in organic compounds. HN - 2006 MH - Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group Donors UI - D050891 MN - D8.811.682.664 MS - Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of or oxidation of compounds containing primary amines. AN - general: prefer specifics; do not confuse with OXIDOREDUCTASES ACTING ON CH-NH GROUP DONORS HN - 2006 BX - Primary Amine Oxidoreductases MH - Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors UI - D050862 MN - D8.811.682.667 MS - Oxidoreductases with specificity for oxidation or reduction of SULFUR COMPOUNDS. HN - 2006(1980) MH - p300-CBP Transcription Factors UI - D050880 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.440 MN - D12.776.930.622 MS - A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Paired Box Transcription Factors UI - D051761 MN - D12.776.260.645 MN - D12.776.930.626 MS - A family of transcription factors that control EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT within a variety of cell lineages. They are characterized by a highly conserved paired DNA-binding domain that was first identified in DROSOPHILA segmentation genes. HN - 2006 MH - Pancreatic Polypeptide-Secreting Cells UI - D050418 MN - A3.734.414.587 MN - A6.390.650 MN - A6.407.414.587 MN - A11.436.294.900 MS - A group of islet cells (10-35%) which secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE, a hormone that regulates APPETITE and FOOD INTAKE. AN - /transpl: do not routinely coordinate with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION HN - 2006 BX - PP Cells, Pancreatic MH - Pancreatitis, Chronic UI - D050500 MN - C6.689.750.830 MS - INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse. HN - 2006 MH - Pansporablastina UI - D050175 MN - B5.360.500.500.600 MS - A suborder of FUNGI in the phylum MICROSPORIDIA, possessing a pansporoblastic membrane. AN - infection: coordinate IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coordinate with specific fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Papillomavirus E7 Proteins UI - D050725 MN - D12.776.624.664.520.420 MS - ONCOGENE PROTEINS from PAPILLOMAVIRUS that deregulate the CELL CYCLE of infected cells and lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. Papillomavirus E7 proteins have been shown to interact with various regulators of the cell cycle including RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and certain cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. HN - 2006 MH - Paroxysmal Hemicrania UI - D051302 MN - C10.228.140.546.399.937.750 MS - A primary headache disorder that is similar to the CLUSTER HEADACHE with unilateral head pain, but differs by its multiple short severe attacks. It is usually seen in females, and may be responsive to non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). HN - 2006; use VASCULAR HEADACHES 2000-2005 MH - PAX2 Transcription Factor UI - D051762 MN - D12.776.260.645.750 MN - D12.776.930.626.750 MS - A paired box transcription factor that is essential for ORGANOGENESIS of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and KIDNEY. HN - 2006(1992) MH - PAX7 Transcription Factor UI - D051763 MN - D12.776.260.400.812 MN - D12.776.260.645.875 MN - D12.776.930.626.875 MS - A paired box transcription factor that is involved in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and SKELETAL MUSCLE. HN - 2006(1993) MH - PAX9 Transcription Factor UI - D051764 MN - D12.776.260.645.937 MN - D12.776.930.626.937 MS - A paired box transcription factor that is involved in ODONTOGENESIS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Paxillin UI - D051419 MN - D12.644.360.24.307 MN - D12.776.157.57.92 MN - D12.776.476.24.397 MN - D12.776.744.665 MS - Paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein for CELL MIGRATION that localizes primarily to FOCAL ADHESIONS. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to integrin-mediated CELL ADHESION, and interacts with a variety of proteins including VINCULIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC); and PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Pecten UI - D049910 MN - B1.500.644.80.660.600 MS - A genus of scallops in the family PECTINIDAE, class BIVALVIA. The shell is usually radially ribbed. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 MH - Pectinidae UI - D049897 MN - B1.500.644.80.660 MS - A large family of mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, known commonly as scallops. They possess flat, almost circular shells and are found in all seas from shallow water to great depths. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Chlamys BX - Patinopecten BX - Scallops MH - Perna UI - D049883 MN - B1.500.644.80.537.600 MS - A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells. HN - 2006 MH - Phenoxypropanolamines UI - D050198 MN - D2.92.63.624.698 MS - Compounds based on a propanolamine attached via an OXYGEN atom to a phenoxy ring. The side chain is one carbon longer than PHENYLETHYLAMINES. HN - 2006 MH - Phenylammonium Compounds UI - D050338 MN - D2.92.877.674 MS - QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS based on PHENYLAMINES with the general formula phenyl-N+R3. HN - 2006 MH - Phocoena UI - D050741 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.566.600 MS - A genus of PORPOISES, in the family Phocoenidae, comprised of several species. They frequent coastal waters, bays, estuaries, and the mouths of large rivers. HN - 2006; use PORPOISES 1998-2005 BX - Harbor Porpoise MH - Phosphatidyl-N-Methylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase UI - D050941 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.710 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the METHYLATION of PHOSPHATIDYL-N-METHYLETHANOLAMINE to produce phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine. This enzyme can also methylate phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine to produce phosphatidyl-N-trimethylethanolamine (PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE). HN - 2006(1980) MH - Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase UI - D050918 MN - D8.811.913.555.500.712 MS - An enzyme that catalyses three sequential METHYLATION reactions for conversion of PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE to PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. HN - 2006(1980); use CEPHALINS 1971-1979 MH - Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase UI - D050543 MN - D8.811.682.47.150.650 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate. It takes part in the L-SERINE biosynthesis pathway. HN - 2006(1985) MH - Phospholipase C gamma UI - D051966 MN - D8.811.277.352.640.700.700.750 MN - D12.644.360.581 MN - D12.776.476.563 MS - A phospholipase C that is activated in response to growth factor stimulation and TYROSINE phosphorylation. Isoforms of this enzyme are critical for the generation of CALCIUM signals in HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEMS in response to the stimulation of immune receptors. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide Formyltransferase UI - D051027 MN - D8.811.913.555.400.625 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide to 5-formyl-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide in the PURINE de novo synthesis pathway. It requires the cofactor N(10)-FORMYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE as the formyl donor. HN - 2006(1980); use FORMIC ACIDS 1974-1980, AMINOIMIDAZOLE CARBOXAMIDE 1979-1980, IMIDAZOLES 1974-1979, PENTOSEPHOSPHATES 1974-1979, TRANSFERASES 1974-1979 MH - Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase UI - D051026 MN - D8.811.913.555.400.750 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a formyl group from N10-formyltetrahydrofolate to N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide to yield N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide and TETRAHYDROFOLATE. It plays a role in the de novo PURINE biosynthetic pathway. HN - 2006(1980); use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1979, GLYCINE 1974-1979, FORMIC ACIDS 1974-1979, PENTOSEPHOSPHATES 1974-1975, RIBOSEMONOPHOSPHATES 1975-1979, & TRANSFERASES 1974-1978 MH - Phytochrome A UI - D051942 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.606 MN - D12.776.765.675.249 MN - D23.767.712.249 MS - The primary plant photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating responses to far-red light. It is a PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASE that is translocated to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to light signals. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Phytochrome B UI - D051939 MN - D12.776.765.675.500 MN - D23.767.712.500 MS - A plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by LIGHT. In response to light it moves to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates transcription of target genes. Phytochrome B plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light. HN - 2006(1991) MH - PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins UI - D051922 MN - D12.644.360.24.305 MN - D12.776.157.57.76 MN - D12.776.476.24.393 MS - A family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the METABOLISM of NITROGEN. They are primarily found in prokaryotes. HN - 2006(1988) MH - Pinctada UI - D049911 MN - B1.500.644.80.670 MS - A genus of pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae, class BIVALVIA. Both cultured and natural pearls are obtained from species in the genus. They are distinct from the distantly related, edible true oysters of the family OSTREIDAE. HN - 2006 BX - Oysters, Pearl MH - Pisiform Bone UI - D051220 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.150.600 MS - A pea-shaped carpal bone that actually sits in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. HN - 2006 MH - Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide UI - D051219 MN - D6.472.420.349 MN - D12.644.400.625 MN - D12.776.467.875.887 MN - D12.776.641.600.887 MN - D12.776.641.650.625 MN - D23.348.479.875.887 MN - D23.348.686.887 MS - A multi-functional neuropeptide that serves as a NEUROTRANSMITTER, and a VASODILATOR. PACAP can stimulate secretion of GROWTH HORMONE; ACTH; CATECHOLAMINES; and INSULIN; and it interacts with PACAP RECEPTORS. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Plakins UI - D051179 MN - D12.776.220.790 MS - A family of related proteins that associate with cytoskeletal elements and junctional complexes at INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS. Plakins share a common plakin domain or a plakin repeat domain. HN - 2006 MH - Plakophilins UI - D051191 MN - D12.776.91.750 MN - D12.776.220.885 MS - Members of the armadillo family of proteins that are found in DESMOSOMES and interact with various proteins including desmocadherins; DESMOPLAKIN; ACTIN FILAMENTS; and KERATIN. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Plant Infertility UI - D051479 MN - G4.742.745 MS - The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998) HN - 2006 BX - Infertility, Plant MH - Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins UI - D050480 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374 MS - A family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that facilitate NEUROTRANSMITTER reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. They may play a role in regulating the intensity and duration of neurotransmission. AN - don't confuse sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters with SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS HN - 2006 BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Plasma Membrane BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Plasma Membrane MH - Plastoquinol-Plastocyanin Reductase UI - D050547 MN - D5.500.562.124.500 MN - D8.811.600.710.374.875 MN - D8.811.682.771 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.311.875 MN - D12.776.758.374.875 MS - A component of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of plastoquinol-1 to PLASTOQUINONE. HN - 2006(1981) MH - Platyrrhini UI - D051078 MN - B1.150.900.649.801.400.600 MS - An infraorder of new world monkeys, comprised of the families ATELIDAE; CALLITRICHIDAE; and CEBIDAE. They are found exclusively in the Americas. AN - diseases: coordinate IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM) HN - 2006; for MONKEYS, NEW WORLD use CEBIDAE 1981-2005 BX - Monkeys, New World MH - Plectin UI - D051190 MN - D12.776.220.790.750 MN - D12.776.744.736 MS - A cytoskeletal linker protein with a molecular weight of greater than 500 kDa. It binds INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; MICROTUBULES; and MICROFILAMENTS and plays a central role in the organization and stability of the CYTOSKELETON. Plectin is phosphorylated by CALMODULIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE A; and PROTEIN KINASE C. HN - 2006(1982) MH - Pleurobranchaea UI - D049853 MN - B1.500.644.400.600 MS - A genus of side-gilled sea slugs in the family Pleurobranchidae, superorder GASTROPODA. They are opportunistic voracious feeders but prefer the sea anemone. HN - 2006 MH - Podocytes UI - D050199 MN - A5.810.453.324.359.720 MN - A5.810.453.736.520.720 MN - A11.436.720 MS - Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY. HN - 2006 BX - Visceral Epithelial Cells, Glomerular MH - Polyplacophora UI - D049916 MN - B1.500.644.600 MS - A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of flattened, elongated marine mollusks, commonly called chitons. They are unique in that they possess seven or eight separate shell plates. HN - 2006 BX - Chitons MH - Post-Dural Puncture Headache UI - D051299 MN - C10.228.140.546.699.124 MS - A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture. HN - 2006; use HEADACHE 2000-2005 MH - Post-Traumatic Headache UI - D051298 MN - C10.228.140.546.699.249 MS - Secondary headache attributed to TRAUMA of the HEAD and/or the NECK. HN - 2006; use HEADACHE DISORDERS 2000-2005 MH - Postpartum Thyroiditis UI - D050032 MN - C13.703.844.714 MN - C19.874.871.102.750 MS - Transient autoimmune thyroiditis occurring in the POSTPARTUM PERIOD. It is characterized by the presence of high titers of AUTOANTIBODIES against THYROID PEROXIDASE and THYROGLOBULIN. Clinical signs include the triphasic thyroid hormone pattern: beginning with THYROTOXICOSIS, followed with HYPOTHYROIDISM, then return to euthyroid state by 1 year postpartum. AN - check the tag FEMALE HN - 2006 MH - POU Domain Factors UI - D050809 MN - D12.776.260.655 MN - D12.776.930.632 MS - A family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of a bipartite DNA-binding domain known as the POU domain. The POU domain contains two subdomains, a POU-specific domain and a POU-homeodomain. The POU domain was originally identified as a region of approximately 150 amino acids shared between the Pit-1, Oct-1, Oct-2, and Unc-86 transcription factors. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Profilins UI - D051304 MN - D5.750.78.730.637 MN - D12.776.210.500.775 MN - D12.776.220.525.637 MS - A family of low molecular weight proteins that bind ACTIN and control actin polymerization. They are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed. HN - 2006(1990); CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS 1977-1979 MH - Protein Carbonylation UI - D050050 MN - G6.535.710.690 MS - The appearance of carbonyl groups (such as aldehyde or ketone groups) in PROTEINS as the result of several oxidative modification reactions. It is a standard marker for OXIDATIVE STRESS. Carbonylated proteins tend to be more hydrophobic and resistant to proteolysis. HN - 2006 BX - Carbonylation, Protein MH - Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT UI - D050828 MN - D12.644.360.24.311 MN - D12.776.157.57.124 MN - D12.776.476.24.405 MS - A family of structurally related proteins that are constitutively expressed and that negatively regulate cytokine-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. PIAS proteins inhibit the activity of SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION. HN - 2006(1998) BX - PIAS1 Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT MH - Protein Kinase C-alpha UI - D051571 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.100 MS - A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells. HN - 2006(1999) BX - PKC-alpha Serine-Threonine Kinase MH - Protein Kinase C-delta UI - D051745 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.400 MS - A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNALING PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASES. HN - 2006(1993) BX - PKC-delta Serine-Threonine Kinase MH - Protein Kinase C-epsilon UI - D051744 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.750 MS - A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASES. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1 UI - D050784 MN - D12.776.260.665.100 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175.100 MN - D12.776.930.635.100 MS - An ets proto-oncogene expressed primarily in adult LYMPHOID TISSUE; BRAIN; and VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1986) BX - c-ets-1 Protein BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein ets-1 MH - Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2 UI - D050787 MN - D12.776.260.665.200 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175.200 MN - D12.776.930.635.200 MS - A ubiquitously expressed ets proto-oncogene protein that may play a role in regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and CELL DIFFERENTIATION. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1990) BX - c-ets-2 Protein BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein ets-2 MH - Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1 UI - D051789 MN - D12.776.260.665.400 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175.400 MN - D12.776.930.635.400 MS - A member of the c-ets family of transcription factors that is preferentially expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineages and vascular endothelial cells. It was originally identified as a protein that provides a retroviral integration site for integration of FRIEND MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS. HN - 2006(1993) BX - fli-1 Transcription Factor MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt UI - D051057 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.755 MN - D12.776.476.565 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.168 MS - A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells. HN - 2006(1987) BX - akt Proto-Oncogene Protein BX - c-akt Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6 UI - D051560 MN - D12.776.260.660 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.170 MN - D12.776.930.633 MS - A DNA-binding protein that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target genes by recruiting HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Aberrant Blc-6 expression is associated with certain types of human B-CELL LYMPHOMA. HN - 2006(1993) BX - bcl-6 Proto-Oncogene Proteins BX - c-bcl-6 Protein BX - c-bcl-6 Proto-Oncogene Proteins MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr UI - D051562 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.759 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.171 MS - Proto-oncogene protein bcr is a serine-threonine kinase that functions as a negative regulator of CELL PROLIFERATION and NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. It is commonly fused with cellular abl protein to form BCR-ABL FUSION PROTEINS in PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME positive LEUKEMIA patients. HN - 2006(1988) BX - bcr Proto-Oncogene Proteins BX - c-bcr Proteins MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl UI - D050721 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.374 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.172 MS - Proto-oncogene proteins that negatively regulate RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE signaling. It is a UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE and the cellular homologue of ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CBL. HN - 2006(1991) BX - c-cbl Protein BX - cbl Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk UI - D050737 MN - D12.644.360.24.318 MN - D12.776.157.57.139 MN - D12.776.476.24.409 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.174 MS - Signal transducing adaptor proteins that contain SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and play a role in CYTOSKELETON reorganization. c-crk protein is closely related to ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CRK and includes several alternatively spliced isoforms. HN - 2006(1990) BX - c-crk Protein BX - crk Proto-Oncogene Proteins MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets UI - D050783 MN - D12.776.260.665 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175 MN - D12.776.930.635 MS - A family of transcription factors that share a unique DNA-binding domain. The name derives from viral oncogene-derived protein ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-ETS of the AVIAN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS VIRUS. HN - 2006(1986) BX - c-ets Proto-Oncogene Proteins BX - ets Proto-Oncogene Proteins MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fes UI - D051578 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.300 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.177 MS - Proto-oncogene proteins fes are protein-tyrosine kinases with a central SH2 DOMAIN. It has been implicated in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS for CELL DIFFERENTIATION of a variety of cell types including MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS. Fes proto-oncogene proteins also bind TUBULIN and promotes MICROTUBULE assembly. HN - 2006(1986) BX - c-fes Proteins BX - fes Proto-Oncogene Proteins BX - fps Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn UI - D051076 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.551 MN - D12.776.476.571 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.180 MS - Src-family kinases that associate with T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR and phosphorylate a wide variety of intracellular signaling molecules. HN - 2006(1989) BX - c-fyn Protein BX - fyn Proto-Oncogene Proteins BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein p60(fyn) MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-hck UI - D051572 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.590 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.181 MS - Members of the src-family tyrosine kinase family that are strongly expressed in MYELOID CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2006(1991) BX - c-hck Proteins BX - hck Proto-Oncogene Proteins BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein c-hck MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf UI - D051257 MN - D12.776.260.108.500.61.750 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.184 MN - D12.776.930.127.500.61.750 MS - Maf proto-oncogene protein is the major cellular homolog of the V-MAF ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It was the first mammalian MAF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR identified, and it is induced in activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of INTERLEUKIN-4. c-maf is frequently translocated to an immunoglobulin locus in MULTIPLE MYELOMA. HN - 2006(1994) BX - c-maf Protein BX - maf Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 UI - D051736 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.562 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.185 MN - D12.776.660.764 MS - An E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE that interacts with and inhibits TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53. Its ability to ubiquitinate p53 is regulated by TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. HN - 2006(1991) BX - c-mdm2 Proto-Oncogene Protein BX - Mdm2 Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1 UI - D051573 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.776 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.191 MS - Serine-threonine protein kinases that relay signals from CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and are involved in control of CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; and APOPTOSIS. HN - 2006(1988) BX - c-pim-1 Protein BX - pim-1 Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret UI - D051096 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.87 MN - D12.776.543.750.60.217 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.194 MS - Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with GDNF RECEPTORS. Mutations in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2. HN - 2006(1999) BX - c-ret Protein BX - ret Proto-Oncogene Proteins MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav UI - D051567 MN - D12.644.360.24.326 MN - D12.644.360.325.300.450 MN - D12.776.157.57.155 MN - D12.776.402.300.450 MN - D12.776.476.24.413 MN - D12.776.476.325.300.450 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.198 MS - Proto-oncogene proteins that are guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RHO GTPASES. They also function as signal transducing adaptor proteins. HN - 2006(1991) BX - c-vav Protein BX - vav Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-yes UI - D051575 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.610 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.199 MS - Members of the src-family tyrosine kinases that are activated during the transition from G2 PHASE to M PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It is highly homologous to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC). HN - 2006(1987) BX - c-yes Protein BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein c-yes BX - yes Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase UI - D050768 MN - D8.811.682.660.600 MN - D12.776.543.697 MS - A membrane-bound flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent aromatization of PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN IX (Protogen) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX). It is the last enzyme of the common branch of the HEME and CHLOROPHYLL pathways in plants, and is the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase. HN - 2006(1975) MH - PTEN Phosphohydrolase UI - D051059 MN - D8.811.277.352.650.850 MN - D12.776.476.590 MN - D12.776.624.776.695 MS - A lipid phosphatase that acts on phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate to regulate various SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. It modulates CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL MIGRATION; and APOPTOSIS. Mutations in PTEN are associated with COWDEN DISEASE and PROTEUS SYNDROME as well as NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Publication Components [Publication Type] UI - D052181 MN - V1 MS - Specific parts of publications. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2006 MH - Publication Formats [Publication Type] UI - D052180 MN - V2 MS - Specific genre of publication. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2006 MH - Pyruvate Synthase UI - D050743 MN - D8.811.682.657.350.968 MS - A ferredoxin-containing enzyme that catalyzes the COENZYME A-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of PYRUVATE to acetyl-COENZYME A and CARBON DIOXIDE. HN - 2006(1980); use KETONE OXIDOREDUCTASES 1975-1979, FERREDOXINS 1972-1979, ACETYL COENZYME A 1974-1978, PYRUVATES 1970-1979, & COENZYME A & CARBOXY-LYASES 1970-1974 MH - Q-SNARE Proteins UI - D050682 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500 MS - SNARE proteins in which the central amino acid residue of the SNARE motif is a GLUTAMINE. They are classified separately from the R-SNARE PROTEINS where the central amino acid residue of the SNARE motif is an ARGININE. Subfamilies, the QA-SNARES; QB-SNARES; and QC-SNARES are grouped by the position of their SNARE motif-containing-domains in the SNARE complex and by their sequence similarities. HN - 2006 MH - Qa-SNARE Proteins UI - D050765 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.500 MS - A subfamily of Q-SNARE proteins which occupy the same position as syntaxin 1A in the SNARE complex and which also are most similar to syntaxin 1A in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. This subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are Qc-SNARES. HN - 2006 (1994) MH - Qb-SNARE Proteins UI - D050766 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.750 MS - A subfamily of Q-SNARE proteins which occupy the same position in the SNARE complex as the N-terminal SNARE domain of SNAP-25 and which also are most similar to the N-terminal region of SNAP-25 in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. HN - 2006 MH - Qc-SNARE Proteins UI - D050767 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.875 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.875 MS - A subfamily of Q-SNARE proteins which occupy the same position in the SNARE complex as the C-terminal SNARE domain of SNAP-25 and which also are most similar to the C-terminal region of SNAP-25 in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. HN - 2006 MH - Quadriceps Muscle UI - D052097 MN - A2.633.567.850 MS - The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. HN - 2006 MH - R-SNARE Proteins UI - D050683 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.750 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.750 MS - SNARE proteins where the central amino acid residue of the SNARE motif is an ARGININE. They are classified separately from the Q-SNARE PROTEINS where the central amino acid residue of the SNARE motif is a GLUTAMINE. This subfamily contains the vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) based on similarity to the prototype for the R-SNAREs, VAMP2 (synaptobrevin 2). HN - 2006 (1988) MH - Rad51 Recombinase UI - D051135 MN - D8.811.739.650.500 MN - D12.776.260.695 MS - A Rec A recombinase found in eukaryotes. Rad51 is involved in DNA REPAIR of double-strand breaks. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein UI - D051721 MN - D12.776.260.696 MS - A DNA-binding protein that mediates DNA REPAIR of double strand break, and GENETIC RECOMBINATION. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated UI - D050397 MN - E2.815.635.700.700 MN - L1.700.508.100.710.600.550.700 MS - CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY that combines several intensity-modulated beams to provide improved dose homogeneity and highly conformal dose distributions. HN - 2006 MH - Ralstonia pickettii UI - D049920 MN - B3.440.400.425.687.650.600 MN - B3.660.75.645.650.600 MS - The type species in the genus RALSTONIA. It is often found in the hospital ward as a contaminant of antiseptic and disinfectant solutions. AN - infection: coordinate IM with GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2006; use RALSTONIA 2002-2005 MH - Rats UI - D051381 MN - B1.150.900.649.865.635.505.700 MS - The common name for the genus Rattus. AN - check tag: NIM no qualifiers for RATS, the genus RATTUS unspecified, or any RATTUS species HN - 2006 BX - Rattus MH - Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1 UI - D051496 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.24 MN - D12.776.543.750.60.61 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.370.500 MS - A fibroblast growth factor receptor with specificity for FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; and NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES. Several variants of the receptor exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is a tyrosine kinase that transmits signals through the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 MH - Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 UI - D051497 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.37 MN - D12.776.543.750.60.92 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.370.750 MS - A fibroblast growth factor receptor that is found in two isoforms. One receptor isoform is found in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is found mainly in EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in APERT SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1999) BX - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 FX - Acrocephalosyndactylia MH - Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 UI - D051498 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.43 MN - D12.776.543.750.60.108 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.370.875 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.120 MS - A fibroblast growth factor receptor that regulates CHONDROCYTE growth and CELL DIFFERENTIATION. Mutations in the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 have been associated with ACHONDROPLASIA; THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA and NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 MH - Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4 UI - D051499 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.46 MN - D12.776.543.750.60.116 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.370.937 MS - A fibroblast growth factor receptor that is mainly expressed in LUNG; KIDNEY; PANCREAS; and SPLEEN. It also plays an important role in SKELETAL MUSCLE development and can contribute to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 MH - Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 5 UI - D051500 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.370.968 MS - The most divergent of the known fibroblast growth factor receptors. It does not contain an intracellular TYROSINE KINASE domain and has been shown to interact with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 5 is found primarily in skeletal tissue. HN - 2006(2001) BX - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 5 MH - Receptor, Notch1 UI - D051881 MN - D12.776.543.750.725.500 MN - D12.776.930.670.500 MS - A notch receptor that interacts with a variety of ligands and regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS for multiple cellular processes. It is widely expressed during EMBRYOGENESIS and is essential for EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Notch1 Receptor MH - Receptor, Notch2 UI - D051883 MN - D12.776.543.750.725.750 MN - D12.776.930.670.750 MS - A notch receptor that plays an important role in CELL DIFFERENTIATION in a variety of cell types. It is the preferentially expressed notch receptor in mature B-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2006(1995) BX - Notch2 Receptor MH - Receptors, Dopamine D3 UI - D050637 MN - D12.776.543.750.70.300.400.500.249 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.150.400.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.300.400.500.249 MS - A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the brain. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1987) BX - Dopamine D3 Receptors MH - Receptors, Dopamine D4 UI - D050638 MN - D12.776.543.750.70.300.400.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.150.400.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.300.400.500.500 MS - A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that has high affinity for the antipsychotic CLOZAPINE. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1991) BX - Dopamine D4 Receptors MH - Receptors, Dopamine D5 UI - D050641 MN - D12.776.543.750.70.300.400.400.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.150.400.400.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.720.300.300.400.400.500 MS - A subtype of dopamine D1 receptors that has higher affinity for DOPAMINE and differentially couples to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1991) BX - Dopamine D5 Receptors MH - Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled UI - D050705 MN - D8.811.520.650.600.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.120 MS - A class of cellular membrane receptors that either have an intrinsic guanylate cyclase activity or are closely coupled to specific guanylate cyclases within the cell. HN - 2006 BX - Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled Receptors MH - Receptors, Mating Factor UI - D051964 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.660.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.775.500 MS - A family of pheromone receptors that were initially discovered in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE as proteins necessary for fungal conjugation. Each mating factor receptor is expressed in HAPLOID CELLS of a single mating type. HN - 2006(1986) BX - Mating Factor Receptors MH - Receptors, Notch UI - D051880 MN - D12.776.543.750.725 MN - D12.776.930.670 MS - A family of conserved cell surface receptors that contain EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR repeats in their extracellular domain and ANKYRIN repeats in their cytoplasmic domains. The cytoplasmic domain of notch receptors is released upon ligand binding and translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it acts as transcription factor. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Notch Receptors MH - Receptors, Oxidized LDL UI - D051131 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.625 MS - A group of cell-surface receptors for oxidatively modified LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. The group includes certain SCAVENGER RECEPTORS that contribute to the pathogenesis of ATHEROSCLEROSIS by uptake of oxidized LDL. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Receptors, Pattern Recognition UI - D051192 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910 MS - A large family of cell surface receptors that bind conserved molecular structures present in pathogens. They play important roles in host defense by mediating cellular responses to pathogens. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 BX - Pattern Recognition Receptors MH - Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide UI - D051236 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.665 MS - A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS. HN - 2006(1990) BX - PACAP Receptors BX - Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide Receptors MH - Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I UI - D051237 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.665.500 MS - A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype that is found in the HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; PITUITARY GLAND; ADRENAL GLAND; PANCREAS; and TESTES and has a high affinity only for PACAP. HN - 2006(1999) BX - PACAP Receptors, Type I BX - Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide Receptor Type I MH - Receptors, Scavenger UI - D051116 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750 MS - A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1981) BX - Macrophage Scavenger Receptors BX - Scavenger Receptors BX - Scavenger Receptors, Macrophage MH - Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II UI - D051239 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.665.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.900.500 MS - A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses. HN - 2006(1999) BX - Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide Receptor Type III BX - Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide, Type III BX - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors, Type II BX - VIP Receptors, Type II MH - Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I UI - D051238 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.665.760 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.900.520 MS - A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype that binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE. It is found predominately in the BRAIN. HN - 2006(1999) BX - Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide Receptor Type II BX - Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide, Type II BX - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors, Type I BX - VIP Receptors, Type I MH - Recoverin UI - D051603 MN - D12.644.360.381.500.750 MN - D12.776.157.125.412.500.750 MN - D12.776.306.750 MN - D12.776.476.387.500.750 MN - D12.776.641.645.750 MS - A neuronal calcium-sensor protein that is found in ROD PHOTORECEPTORS and CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It interacts with RHODOPSIN KINASE in a Ca2+ dependent manner and plays an important role in PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. HN - 2006(1987) MH - Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional UI - D050436 MN - G14.340.24.340.137.750 MS - Nucleotide sequences of a gene that are involved in the regulation of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. HN - 2006; use GENES, REGULATOR 1991-2005 BX - Regulatory Element, Transcriptional BX - Transcriptional Regulatory Elements MH - Renal Insufficiency UI - D051437 MN - C12.777.419.780 MS - Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. The most severe form is KIDNEY FAILURE. Renal function may deteriorate slowly (RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC) or precipitously (RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, ACUTE). AN - RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, ACUTE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; and RENAL FAILURE are also available HN - 2006; use KIDNEY FAILURE 1993-2005 BX - Kidney Insufficiency MH - Renal Insufficiency, Acute UI - D051480 MN - C12.777.419.780.625 MS - Conditions in which the function of KIDNEYS deteriorates suddenly in a matter of days or even hours. It is characterized by the sudden drop in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; (GMR). The most severe stage is when the GFR drops below 15 ml per min (ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE). HN - 2006; use KIDNEY FAILURE, ACUTE 1993-2005 BX - Kidney Insufficiency, Acute MH - Renal Insufficiency, Chronic UI - D051436 MN - C12.777.419.780.750 MS - Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) HN - 2006; use KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC 1993-2005 BX - Kidney Insufficiency, Chronic MH - Replication Factor A UI - D051716 MN - D12.776.260.700 MS - A single-stranded DNA-binding protein that is found in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. It is required for DNA REPLICATION; DNA REPAIR; and GENETIC RECOMBINATION. HN - 2006(1990) BX - Replication Factor A Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein MH - Replication Factor C UI - D051818 MN - D12.776.260.702 MS - A DNA-binding protein that consists of 5 polypeptides and plays an essential role in DNA REPLICATION in eukaryotes. It binds DNA PRIMER-template junctions and recruits PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and DNA POLYMERASES to the site of DNA synthesis. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural UI - D052061 MN - V4.500.500 MS - #A designation for publications of research resulting from extramural research funded by the National Institutes of Health. AN - #for all articles noted as resulting from extramural research at any NIH institute; CATALOG: do not use HN - #2005 MH - Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural UI - D052060 MN - V4.500.750 MS - #A designation for publications of research resulting from intramural research at the National Institutes of Health. AN - #for all articles noted as resulting from intramural research at any NIH institute; CATALOG: do not use HN - #2005 MH - Resistin UI - D052243 MN - D6.472.699.762 MN - D12.644.548.786 MS - A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin suppresses the ability of INSULIN to stimulate cellular GLUCOSE uptake. HN - 2006 (2001) MH - Retinal Bipolar Cells UI - D051245 MN - A8.663.358.700 MN - A9.371.729.760 MN - A11.671.358.700 MS - INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA containing two processes. They receive input from the VERTEBRATE PHOTORECEPTORS and send output to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS. The bipolar cells also make lateral connections in the retina with the RETINAL HORIZONTAL CELLS and with the AMACRINE CELLS. HN - 2006 BX - Bipolar Cells, Retinal MH - Retinal Dehydrogenase UI - D050697 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.835 MN - D12.776.331.915 MN - D12.776.556.579.374.687 MS - A metalloflavoprotein enzyme involved the metabolism of VITAMIN A, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of RETINAL to RETINOIC ACID, using both NAD+ and FAD coenzymes. It also acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of RETINAL. HN - 2006(1977) MH - Retinal Horizontal Cells UI - D051248 MN - A9.371.729.775 MN - A11.671.650.720 MS - NEURONS in the inner nuclear layer of the RETINA that synapse with both the VERTEBRATE PHOTORECEPTORS and the RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS, as well as other horizontal cells. The horizontal cells modulate the sensory signal. HN - 2006 BX - Horizontal Cells, Retinal MH - Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p107 UI - D050720 MN - D12.776.624.776.717 MN - D12.776.660.769 MN - D12.776.744.747 MS - A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. It contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Retinoblastoma-Like Protein 1 MH - Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130 UI - D050717 MN - D12.776.624.776.735 MN - D12.776.660.794 MN - D12.776.744.755 MS - A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. RBL2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and E2F5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. RBL2 also interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1994) BX - Retinoblastoma-Like Protein 2 MH - Retinol O-Fatty-Acyltransferase UI - D051142 MN - D8.811.913.50.646 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of acyl COENZYME A to RETINOL to generate COENZYME A and a retinyl ester. HN - 2006(1977) MH - Rhodopsin Kinase UI - D051606 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.827 MN - D12.776.306.875 MS - A PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASE that is found in PHOTORECEPTORS. It mediates light-dependent PHOSPHORYLATION of RHODOPSIN and plays an important role in PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. HN - 2006(1980) use RHODOPSIN 1979 MH - RNA Polymerase Sigma 54 UI - D051877 MN - D8.811.913.696.445.735.270.887 MN - D12.776.97.698 MS - A DNA-directed RNA polymerase found in BACTERIA. It is a holoenzyme that consists of multiple subunits including sigma factor 54. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Sigma Factor 54 MH - Salacia UI - D049918 MN - B6.388.100.197.682 MS - A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE. Members contain friedelane-type TRITERPENES and SESQUITERPENES, EUDESMANE. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Sarcosine Dehydrogenase UI - D050892 MN - D8.811.682.662.582.550 MS - A LIVER mitochondrial matrix flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of SARCOSINE to GLYCINE and FORMALDEHYDE. Mutation in the enzyme causes sarcosinemia, a rare autosomal metabolic defect characterized by elevated levels of SARCOSINE in BLOOD and URINE. HN - 2006(1976); use OXIDOREDUCTASES, N-DEMETHYLATING, & SARCOSINE 1976-1979 MH - Sarcosine Oxidase UI - D050879 MN - D8.811.682.662.582.700 MN - D12.776.331.943 MS - A FLAVOPROTEIN, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of SARCOSINE; (N-METHYLGLYCINE) to GLYCINE; FORMALDEHYDE; and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2). HN - 2006(1998) MH - Scapharca UI - D049894 MN - B1.500.644.80.50.700 MS - A genus of mollusks in the family ARCIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is used in the study of HEMOGLOBINS. HN - 2006 MH - Scavenger Receptors, Class A UI - D051117 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750.500 MS - A family of scavenger receptors that mediate the influx of LIPIDS into MACROPHAGES and are involved in FOAM CELL formation. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Scavenger Receptors, Class B UI - D051122 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940.625 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750.625 MS - A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Scavenger Receptors, Class C UI - D051124 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940.687 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750.687 MS - A family of scavenger receptors with broad polyanionic ligand binding properties that are expressed in embryonic insect MACROPHAGES. HN - 2006(2005) BX - Scavenger Receptors, Class C, Type I MH - Scavenger Receptors, Class D UI - D051126 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940.718 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750.718 MS - A class of scavenger receptors that are specific for oxidized LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and apoptotic cells. They are expressed almost exclusively in INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES of MACROPHAGES. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Scavenger Receptors, Class E UI - D051127 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940.734 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.625.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750.734 MS - A class of oxidized LDL receptors that contain LECTIN-like extracellular domains. HN - 2006(2000) BX - Scavenger Receptors, Class E, Type I MH - Scavenger Receptors, Class F UI - D051128 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.940.742 MN - D12.776.543.750.710.450.750.742 MS - A group of structurally related scavenger receptors expressed predominately by ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. They-contain repeats of EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-like cysteine-rich motifs in their extracellular domains. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Selenium-Binding Proteins UI - D051137 MN - D12.776.861 MS - A group of proteins that covalently attach to selenium or SELENIUM-containing compounds. HN - 2006(1983) MH - Selenoprotein P UI - D051149 MN - D12.776.864.124 MS - An extracellular selenoprotein that contains most of the SELENIUM in PLASMA. Selenoprotein P functions as an antioxidant and appears to transport selenium from the LIVER to peripheral tissues. HN - 2006(1982) MH - Selenoprotein R UI - D051150 MN - D8.811.682.820 MN - D12.776.864.249 MS - A zinc-containing stereo-specific methionine sulfoxide reductase. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Selenoprotein W UI - D051151 MN - D12.776.864.500 MS - A single SELENOCYSTEINE containing protein that binds reduced GLUTATHIONE and can act as an antioxidant. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Selenoproteins UI - D051140 MN - D12.776.864 MS - Selenoproteins are proteins that specifically incorporate SELENOCYSTEINE into their amino acid chain. Most selenoproteins are enzymes with the selenocysteine residues being responsible for their catalytic functions. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1982) MH - SELEX Aptamer Technique UI - D052156 MN - E5.916.160.500 MS - A method of generating a large library of randomized nucleotides and selecting NUCLEOTIDE APTAMERS by iterative rounds of in vitro selection. A modified procedure substitutes AMINO ACIDS in place of NUCLEOTIDES to make PEPTIDE APTAMERS. HN - 2006 MH - Sepia UI - D049833 MN - B1.500.644.116.150.700 MS - A genus of cuttlefish in the family Sepiidae. They live in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters in most oceans. HN - 2006 MH - Serine C-Palmitoyltransferase UI - D051102 MN - D8.811.913.50.668 MS - A key enzyme in SPHINGOLIPID biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent condensation of L-SERINE and PALMITOYL COENZYME A to 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine. The enzyme consists of two different subunits. HN - 2006(1984) MH - Serine O-Acetyltransferase UI - D051050 MN - D8.811.913.50.134.850 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-SERINE to COENZYME A and O-acetyl-L-serine, using ACETYL-COA as a donor. HN - 2006(1980); use ACETYLTRANSFERASES & ACETYL COENZYME A 1973-1979, SERINE 1970-1979, & ACYLTRANSFERASES 1970-1973 MH - Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins UI - D050486 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.311 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.374.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.374 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.374.875 MS - Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. They are different than SEROTONIN RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to SEROTONIN. They remove SEROTONIN from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Serotonin-Specific BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Serotonin-Specific BX - Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transporter Proteins FX - Receptors, Serotonin MH - Sesbania UI - D049931 MN - B6.388.100.401.726 MS - A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain piperidine alkaloids (PIPERIDINES). AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Sex-Determining Region Y Protein UI - D051876 MN - D12.776.260.707 MN - D12.776.660.235.400.700 MN - D12.776.664.235.400.700 MN - D12.776.930.775 MS - A high mobility group protein encoded by the Y CHROMOSOME. It functions as a transcription factor and is essential for development of the TESTES. HN - 2006(1990) FX - Genes, sry MH - Sexual Infantilism UI - D050035 MN - C19.391.482.814 MS - The permanent lack of SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT in an individual. This defect is usually observed at an age after expected PUBERTY. HN - 2006; use HYPOGONADISM 1984-2005; use INFANTILISM 1963-1983 MH - Shab Potassium Channels UI - D051669 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.124.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.249 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.124.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.124.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.249 MS - A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels UI - D051637 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624 MS - Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila. HN - 2006(1994) BX - Kv1 Potassium Channels BX - Shaker Potassium Channels MH - Shal Potassium Channels UI - D051672 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.625 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.625 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.625 MS - A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Shaw Potassium Channels UI - D051670 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.900.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.900.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.900.624.750 MS - A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS. HN - 2006(1994) BX - Kv3.2 Potassium Channel MH - Sialomucins UI - D052116 MN - D12.776.395.560.631.650 MS - A subcategory of mucins that contain SIALIC ACID. HN - 2006(1980); use SIALIC ACIDS & MUCOPROTEINS 1976-1979 FX - Sialic Acids MH - Smad Proteins UI - D051785 MN - D12.644.360.24.334 MN - D12.776.157.57.170 MN - D12.776.260.713 MN - D12.776.476.24.417 MN - D12.776.930.806 MS - A family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from TGF-BETA RECEPTORS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS; and other surface receptors to the CELL NUCLEUS. They were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, Drosophila and sma proteins from CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1996) MH - Smad Proteins, Inhibitory UI - D051897 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.200 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.249 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.249 MS - A sub-family of smad proteins that inhibit cell signaling by RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. They form autoinhibitory feedback loops in the TGF-BETA signaling pathway and mediate signaling cross-talk with other signaling pathways HN - 2006 BX - Inhibitory Smad Proteins MH - Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated UI - D051896 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.500 MN - D12.776.260.713.500 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.500 MN - D12.776.744.741 MN - D12.776.930.806.500 MS - A family of smad proteins that undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS in response to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ACTIVIN; or BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling. HN - 2006 BX - Receptor-Regulated Smad Proteins MH - Smad1 Protein UI - D051898 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.500.100 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.500.100 MN - D12.776.260.713.500.100 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.500.100 MN - D12.776.744.741.500 MN - D12.776.930.806.500.100 MS - A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. HN - 2006 MH - Smad2 Protein UI - D051899 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.500.200 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.500.200 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.500.200 MN - D12.776.744.741.750 MN - D12.776.930.806.500.200 MS - A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by TYPE I ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Smad3 Protein UI - D051900 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.500.300 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.500.300 MN - D12.776.260.713.500.300 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.500.300 MN - D12.776.744.741.875 MN - D12.776.930.806.500.300 MS - A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by TYPE I ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Smad4 Protein UI - D051901 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.750 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.750 MN - D12.776.260.713.750 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.750 MN - D12.776.624.776.760 MN - D12.776.930.806.750 MS - A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Smad5 Protein UI - D051902 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.500.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.500.500 MN - D12.776.260.713.500.500 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.500.500 MN - D12.776.744.741.937 MN - D12.776.930.806.500.500 MS - A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and is essential for PHYSIOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Smad6 Protein UI - D051905 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.200.600 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.249.600 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.249.600 MN - D12.776.930.806.875 MS - An inhibitory Smad protein that negatively regulates the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS from BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. Smad6 inhibits PHOSPHORYLATION of SMAD2 PROTEIN and SMAD3 PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Smad7 Protein UI - D051906 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.200.700 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.249.700 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.249.700 MS - An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1997) MH - Smad8 Protein UI - D051904 MN - D12.644.360.24.334.500.800 MN - D12.776.157.57.170.500.800 MN - D12.776.260.713.500.800 MN - D12.776.476.24.417.500.800 MN - D12.776.744.741.968 MN - D12.776.930.806.500.800 MS - A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling. HN - 2006 MH - Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels UI - D051640 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.150.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.150.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.150.750 MS - A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization. HN - 2006(1996) MH - SNARE Proteins UI - D050600 MN - D12.776.543.512.249 MN - D12.776.543.990.775 MS - A superfamily of small proteins which are involved in the MEMBRANE FUSION events, intracellular protein trafficking and secretory processes. They share a homologous SNARE motif. The SNARE proteins are divided into subfamilies: QA-SNARES; QB-SNARES; QC-SNARES; and R-SNARES. The formation of a SNARE complex (composed of one each of the four different types SNARE domains (Qa, Qb, Qc, and R)) mediates MEMBRANE FUSION. Following membrane fusion SNARE complexes are dissociated by the NSFs (N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FACTORS), in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEINS, i.e., SNAPs (no relation to SNAP 25.) HN - 2006 (1995) BX - SNAP Receptor MH - Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors UI - D049993 MN - D27.505.519.562.812 MS - Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA. AN - coordinate with DIURETICS if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Sodium Chloride Symporters UI - D049992 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.374 MS - A subclass of symporters found in KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL that are the major pathway for salt resorption. Inhibition of these symporters by BENZOTHIADIAZINES is the basis of action of some DIURETICS. AN - coordinate with DIURETICS if pertinent HN - 2006(1984); for SODIUM-CHLORIDE COTRANSPORTER use SYMPORTERS (NM) MH - Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors UI - D049994 MN - D27.505.519.562.906 MS - Agents that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS which are concentrated in the thick ascending limb at the junction of the LOOP OF HENLE and KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. AN - coordinate with DIURETICS if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins UI - D051247 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.437 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.562 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.750 MS - Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. They utilize SODIUM or HYDROGEN IONS to transport GLUCOSE across CELL MEMBRANES. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1986) BX - Glucose-Sodium Transport System MH - Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 UI - D051269 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.437.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.562.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.750.500 MS - The founding member of the sodium glucose transport proteins. It is predominately expressed in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the SMALL INTESTINE. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 UI - D051297 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.437.750 MN - D12.776.157.530.500.750.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.562.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.500.750.750 MS - A sodium-glucose transporter that is expressed in the luminal membrane of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULES. HN - 2006 MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins UI - D050608 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625 MS - A family of symporters that facilitate sodium-dependent membrane transport of PHOSPHATE. HN - 2006(1987) MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type I UI - D050609 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625.500 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625.500 MS - A family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins that also transport organic ANIONS. They are low affinity phosphate transporters. HN - 2006(2004) BX - Type I Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type II UI - D050610 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750.750 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625.750 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625.750 MS - A family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins with eight transmembrane domains. They are present primarily in the KIDNEY and SMALL INTESTINE and are responsible for renal and small intestinal epithelial transport of PHOSPHATE. HN - 2006(1987) BX - Type II Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa UI - D050613 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750.750.124 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625.750.124 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750.750.124 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750.750.124 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625.750.124 MS - An electrogenic sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. It is present primarily in BRUSH BORDER membranes of PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. HN - 2006(2004) BX - Type IIa Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb UI - D050614 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750.750.249 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625.750.249 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750.750.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750.750.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625.750.249 MS - A sodium-dependent phosphate transporter present primarily at apical sites of EPITHELIAL CELLS in the SMALL INTESTINE. HN - 2006(2004) BX - Type IIb Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc UI - D050615 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625.750.500 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625.750.500 MS - A non-electrogenic sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. It is found primarily in apical membranes of PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. HN - 2006(2004) BX - Sodium-Phosphate Symporter Proteins, Type IIc BX - Type IIc Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins MH - Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III UI - D050611 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.74.750.750.875 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.625.625.875 MN - D12.776.157.648.500.750.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.74.750.750.875 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.625.625.875 MS - A family of highly conserved and widely expressed sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins. They are electrogenic sodium-dependent transporters of PHOSPHATE that were originally identified as retroviral RECEPTORS in HUMANS and have been described in YEAST and many other organisms. HN - 2006(1987) BX - Type III Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins MH - Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins UI - D052067 MN - D12.776.543.990.812 MS - SNARE binding proteins that facilitate the ATP hydrolysis-driven dissociation of the SNARE complex. They are required for the binding of N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE PROTEIN (NSF) to the SNARE complex which also stimulates the ATPASE activity of NSF. They are unrelated structurally to SNAP-25 PROTEIN. HN - 2006 BX - Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein MH - Sp Transcription Factors UI - D051703 MN - D12.776.260.522.750 MN - D12.776.930.375.750 MS - A family of DNA-binding proteins that contain three ZINC FINGERS at their carboxy termini. They are transcription factors that have specificity for GC boxes. HN - 2006 BX - Specificity Protein Transcription Factors MH - Sp2 Transcription Factor UI - D051704 MN - D12.776.260.522.750.500 MN - D12.776.930.375.750.500 MS - A ubiquitously expressed Sp transcription factor that binds to the consensus DNA sequence GGGCGGGAC. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Transcription Factor Sp2 MH - Sp3 Transcription Factor UI - D051705 MN - D12.776.260.522.750.750 MN - D12.776.930.375.750.750 MS - A specificity protein transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Transcription Factor Sp3 MH - Sp4 Transcription Factor UI - D051706 MN - D12.776.260.522.750.875 MN - D12.776.930.375.750.875 MS - A specificity protein transcription factor that is expressed primarily in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. HN - 2006(1996) BX - Transcription Factor Sp4 MH - Sperm Whale UI - D050661 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.865.750 MS - The species Physeter catodon (also called Physeter macrocephalus), in the family Physeteridae. The common name is derived from the milky wax substance in its head (spermaceti). The species also produces an intestinal secretion AMBERGRIS, which was previously used in perfumes. The sperm whale is the largest toothed MAMMAL in the world. AN - do not confuse with the Pygmy Sperm Whale or Dwarf Sperm Whale = WHALES HN - 2006; use WHALES 1998-2005 FX - Ambergris MH - Sphingosine N-Acyltransferase UI - D051049 MN - D8.811.913.50.712 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyltransferase of SPHINGOSINE to N-acylsphingosine using acyl-COENZYME A as donor and COENZYME A as acceptor. The enzyme is mainly localized in the MITOCHONDRIA. HN - 2006(1985) MH - Spisula UI - D049890 MN - B1.500.644.80.750 MS - A genus of surf clams in the family Mactridae, class BIVALVIA. They are often used in EMBRYOLOGY research. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 MH - Split-Brain Procedure UI - D050812 MN - E4.525.770 MS - Complete severing of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. In humans it is usually performed to treat medically intractable, multifocal EPILEPSY. EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS of split brain preparations are used in research. HN - 2006 FX - Laterality MH - Squalene Monooxygenase UI - D050603 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.749 MS - The second enzyme in the committed pathway for CHOLESTEROL biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the first oxygenation step in the biosynthesis of STEROLS and is thought to be a rate limiting enzyme in this pathway. Specifically, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of SQUALENE to (S)-squalene-2,3-epoxide. HN - 2006(1980); use ETHERS, CYCLIC 1970-1979 MH - STAT Transcription Factors UI - D050791 MN - D12.644.360.24.342 MN - D12.776.157.57.186 MN - D12.776.476.24.421 MN - D12.776.930.840 MS - A family of transcription factors containing SH2 DOMAINS that are involved in CYTOKINE-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. STAT transcription factors are recruited to the cytoplasmic region of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and are activated via PHOSPHORYLATION. Once activated they dimerize and translocate into the CELL NUCLEUS where they influence GENE expression. They play a role in regulating CELL GROWTH PROCESSES and CELL DIFFERENTIATION. STAT transcription factors are inhibited by SUPPRESSORS OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING and PROTEIN INHIBITORS OF ACTIVATED STAT. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006 MH - STAT1 Transcription Factor UI - D050794 MN - D12.644.360.24.301.500.500 MN - D12.644.360.24.342.100 MN - D12.776.157.57.61.500.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.186.100 MN - D12.776.260.513.249.500 MN - D12.776.476.24.381.500.500 MN - D12.776.476.24.421.100 MN - D12.776.930.354.249.500 MN - D12.776.930.840.100 MS - A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS. HN - 2006(1993) MH - STAT2 Transcription Factor UI - D050795 MN - D12.644.360.24.301.500.750 MN - D12.644.360.24.342.200 MN - D12.776.157.57.61.500.750 MN - D12.776.157.57.186.200 MN - D12.776.260.513.249.750 MN - D12.776.476.24.381.500.750 MN - D12.776.476.24.421.200 MN - D12.776.930.354.249.750 MN - D12.776.930.840.200 MS - A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to TYPE I INTERFERONS. Stat2 protein is associated constitutively with INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR-9. After PHOSPHORYLATION Stat2 forms the IFN-STIMULATED GENE FACTOR 3 COMPLEX to regulate expression of target GENES. HN - 2006(1995) MH - STAT3 Transcription Factor UI - D050796 MN - D12.644.360.24.342.300 MN - D12.776.157.57.186.300 MN - D12.776.476.24.421.300 MN - D12.776.930.840.300 MS - A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130. HN - 2006 MH - STAT4 Transcription Factor UI - D050797 MN - D12.644.360.24.342.400 MN - D12.776.157.57.186.400 MN - D12.776.476.24.421.400 MN - D12.776.930.840.400 MS - A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-12 in T-LYMPHOCYTES. Stat4 is an important signaling molecule for differentiation in TH1 CELLS. HN - 2006(1994) MH - STAT5 Transcription Factor UI - D050799 MN - D12.644.360.24.342.500 MN - D12.776.157.57.186.500 MN - D12.776.476.24.421.500 MN - D12.776.930.840.500 MS - A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to a variety of CYTOKINES. Stat5 activation is associated with transcription of CELL CYCLE regulators such as CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P21 and anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL-2 GENES. Stat5 is constitutively activated in many patients with acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA. HN - 2006(1992) MH - STAT6 Transcription Factor UI - D050800 MN - D12.644.360.24.342.600 MN - D12.776.157.57.186.600 MN - D12.776.476.24.421.600 MN - D12.776.930.840.600 MS - A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-4. Stat6 has been shown to partner with NF-KAPPA B and CCAAT-ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEINS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of interleukin-4 responsive GENES. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Stathmin UI - D050777 MN - D12.776.220.600.450.480 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.957 MN - D12.776.744.772 MS - A ubiquitous phosphoprotein that serves as an intracellular substrate for a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. PHOSPHORYLATION of stathmin occurs during CELL CYCLE progression, and stathmin functions as a microtubule-destabilizing protein that promotes MICROTUBULE depolymerization during INTERPHASE and late MITOSIS. Stathmin is expressed at very high levels in a variety of human CANCERS. HN - 2006(1987) MH - Stenella UI - D050706 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.267.750 MS - A genus comprised of spinner, spotted, and striped DOLPHINS, in the family Delphinidae. Schools of Stenella, that may number in the thousands, often associate with schools of TUNA, and are thus vulnerable to accidental harvesting. HN - 2006; use DOLPHINS 1998-2005 BX - Spinner Dolphins BX - Spotted Dolphins BX - Striped Dolphin MH - Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 UI - D051780 MN - D12.776.260.103.500.750.500 MN - D12.776.260.108.92.750.500 MN - D12.776.930.125.500.750.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.92.750.500 MS - A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. HN - 2006(1993) MH - Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2 UI - D051782 MN - D12.776.260.103.500.750.750 MN - D12.776.260.108.92.750.750 MN - D12.776.930.125.500.750.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.92.750.750 MS - A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates GENES involved in CHOLESTEROL synthesis and uptake. HN - 2006(1994) MH - Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins UI - D051779 MN - D12.776.260.103.500.750 MN - D12.776.260.108.92.750 MN - D12.776.930.125.500.750 MN - D12.776.930.127.92.750 MS - Sterol regulatory element binding proteins are basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors that bind the sterol regulatory element TCACNCCAC. They are synthesized as precursors that are threaded into the MEMBRANES of the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. HN - 2006 MH - Stillbirth UI - D050497 MN - G8.520.769.530.500 MS - The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn. HN - 2006; use PREGNANCY OUTCOME 2004-2005, use FETAL DEATH 1963-2003 FX - Fetal Death MH - Study Characteristics [Publication Type] UI - D052182 MN - V3 AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2006 MH - Subcutaneous Fat UI - D050151 MN - A10.165.114.661 MS - Fatty tissue under the SKIN through out the body. HN - 2006 BX - Adipose Tissue, Subcutaneous MH - Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal UI - D050507 MN - A10.165.114.160.750 MN - A10.165.114.661.500 MS - Fatty tissue under the SKIN in the region of the ABDOMEN. HN - 2006 MH - Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase UI - D050644 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.843 MS - An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). HN - 2006(1980); use ALDEHYDE OXIDREDUCTASES 1977-1979 MH - Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (NADP+) UI - D050604 MN - D8.811.682.657.163.875 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINIC ACID. It plays a role in the metabolism of GLUTAMATE; TYROSINE; and butanoate. HN - 2006(1974) MH - Succinyldiaminopimelate Transaminase UI - D051277 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.800 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from N-succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate to 2-OXOLGLUTARATE in order to generate N-succinyl-2-L-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate and L-GLUTAMATE, respectively. HN - 2006(1999) MH - Sulfite Dehydrogenase UI - D050902 MN - D8.811.682.667.217 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate along with the reduction of FERROCYTOCHROME C to FERRICYTOCHROME C. HN - 2006 MH - Sulfite Oxidase UI - D050876 MN - D8.811.682.667.249 MS - A MOLYBDENUM requiring enzyme that catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of SULFUR AMINO ACIDS with the formation of a SULFATE. A deficiency of sulfite oxidase results in sulfocysteinuria. HN - 2006(1982) MH - Sulfite Reductase (Ferredoxin) UI - D050889 MN - D8.811.682.667.374 MS - A FERREDOXIN-dependent oxidoreductase that is primarily found in PLANTS where it plays an important role in the assimilation of SULFUR atoms for the production of CYSTEINE and METHIONINE. HN - 2006(1982) MH - Sulfite Reductase (NADPH) UI - D050864 MN - D8.811.682.667.500 MS - A NADPH-dependent oxidase that reduces hydrogen sulfite to HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is found in many microoganisms. HN - 2006(1983) BX - NADPH-Sulfite Reductase MH - SUNCT Syndrome UI - D050798 MN - C10.228.140.546.399.937.875 MS - A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment. AN - SUNCT = shortlasting, unilateral, neuralgiform, conjunctival, tearing. HN - 2006 MH - Support of Research UI - D052288 MN - V4 MS - Organizational source for funding of research activity. AN - not used for indexing or cataloging HN - 2006 MH - Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins UI - D050826 MN - D12.644.360.24.374 MN - D12.776.157.57.249 MN - D12.776.476.24.437 MS - A family of structurally related proteins that are induced by CYTOKINES and negatively regulate cytokine-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. SOCS proteins contain a central SH2 DOMAIN and a C-terminal region of homology known as the SOCS box. HN - 2006 MH - Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 UI - D050825 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.875.500 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.875.500 MS - A ubiquitous target SNARE protein that interacts with SYNTAXIN and SYNAPTOBREVIN. It is a core component of the machinery for intracellular MEMBRANE FUSION. The sequence contains 2 SNARE domains, one is the prototype for the Qb-SNARES, and the other is the prototype for the Qc-SNARES. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006 (1990) MH - Synaptotagmin I UI - D050863 MN - D12.776.157.125.825.249 MN - D12.776.543.990.850.249 MS - A vesicular transport protein expressed predominately in NEURONS. Synaptotagmin helps regulate EXOCYTOSIS of SYNAPTIC VESICLES and appears to serve as a calcium sensor to trigger NEUROTRANSMITTER release. It also acts as a nerve cell receptor for certain BOTULINUM TOXINS. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Synaptotagmin II UI - D050861 MN - D12.776.157.125.825.500 MN - D12.776.543.990.850.500 MS - A vesicular transport protein that was originally characterized as an inositol polyphosphate binding protein. Synaptotagmin II helps regulate EXOCYTOSIS of SYNAPTIC VESICLES and appears to serve as a calcium sensor to trigger NEUROTRANSMITTER release. It also acts as a nerve cell receptor for certain BOTULINUM TOXINS. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Synaptotagmins UI - D050857 MN - D12.776.157.125.825 MN - D12.776.543.990.850 MS - A family of vesicular transport proteins characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane region and two C-terminal calcium-binding domains. HN - 2006(1991) BX - Synaptotagmin MH - Syntaxin 1 UI - D050827 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.500.700 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.500.700 MS - A neuronal cell membrane protein that combines with SNAP-25 and SYNAPTOBREVIN 2 to form a SNARE complex that leads to EXOCYTOSIS. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006 (1992) MH - Syntaxin 16 UI - D051438 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.500.500.750 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.500.500.750 MS - A ubiquitously expressed member of the syntaxin subfamily of SNARE proteins that localizes to the GOLGI APPARATUS. HN - 2006 (1998) MH - Synucleins UI - D051843 MN - D12.776.641.860 MS - A family of homologous proteins of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT that are predominately expressed in the BRAIN and that have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. They were originally isolated from CHOLINERGIC FIBERS of TORPEDO. HN - 2006(1988) MH - T Cell Transcription Factor 1 UI - D051822 MN - D12.776.260.730.750 MN - D12.776.660.235.400.800.750 MN - D12.776.664.235.400.800.750 MN - D12.776.930.875.750 MS - A TCF transcription factor that was originally identified as a DNA-binding protein that interacts with the ENHANCERS of T-CELL RECEPTOR ALPHA GENES. It is a plays a role in T-LYMPHOCYTE development. HN - 2006(1991) BX - T Cell Factor 1 MH - T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory UI - D050378 MN - A15.382.490.555.567.569.200.700 MS - CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. These include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells. HN - 2006, 1985-1994; use T-LYMPHOCYTES 1995-2005 BX - Regulatory T-Lymphocytes BX - Suppressor Cells BX - T-Cells, Regulatory BX - Th3 Cells MH - Tarsii UI - D051099 MN - B1.150.900.649.801.400.800 MS - An infraorder (or suborder) of small PRIMATES comprised of a single family and genus. AN - diseases: coordinate IM with PRIMATE DISEASES (IM) HN - 2006 MH - TCF Transcription Factors UI - D051820 MN - D12.776.260.730 MN - D12.776.660.235.400.800 MN - D12.776.664.235.400.800 MN - D12.776.930.875 MS - A family of DNA-binding proteins that are primarily expressed in T-LYMPHOCYTES. They interact with BETA CATENIN and serve as transcriptional activators and repressors in a variety of developmental processes. HN - 2006 MH - Tendinopathy UI - D052256 MN - C5.651.869 MN - C21.866.874.800 MS - Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized SWELLING, and impaired performance. Distinguishing tendinosis from tendinitis is clinically difficult and can be made only after histopathological examination. HN - 2006 BX - Tendinitis BX - Tendinosis MH - Ternary Complex Factors UI - D050801 MN - D12.776.260.665.600 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.175.600 MN - D12.776.930.635.600 MS - A subclass of c-ets proto-oncogene proteins that were first described by their property of binding to DNA when associated with other regulatory proteins such as SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR. They contain an amino-terminal ets domain that binds to DNA along with centrally located SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR interacting domain, and carboxy-terminal map kinase activation domains. They play an important role in transcriptional regulation by INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. HN - 2006 MH - Thelohania UI - D050263 MN - B5.360.500.500.600.800 MS - A genus of FUNGI, in the family Thelohaniidae, a parasite of red imported fire ants, MOSQUITOES, and other organisms. AN - coordinate with specific fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent HN - 2006 MH - Thiazides UI - D049971 MN - D2.886.655 MS - Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS. HN - 2006 MH - Thyroid Dysgenesis UI - D050033 MN - C16.131.894 MN - C19.874.689 MS - Defective development of the THYROID GLAND. This concept includes thyroid agenesis (aplasia), hypoplasia, or an ectopic gland (LINGUAL THYROID). Clinical signs usually are those of CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM. HN - 2006 MH - Toe Phalanges UI - D050277 MN - A2.835.232.43.300.800 MS - Bones that make up the SKELETON of the TOES, consisting of two for the great toe, and three for each of the other toes. AN - permitted with all vertebrates; Manual 21.58 HN - 2006 BX - Bones of Toes BX - Phalanges of Toes BX - Toe Bones MH - Toll-Like Receptor 1 UI - D051194 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.100 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2. HN - 2006(2003) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 10 UI - D051201 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.910 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that is expressed in LUNG and in B-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 2 UI - D051195 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.200 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS. HN - 2006(1998) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 3 UI - D051196 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.300 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that binds DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. It mediates cellular responses to certain viral pathogens. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 4 UI - D051197 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.400 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. HN - 2006(2001) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 5 UI - D051198 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.500 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that binds FLAGELLIN. It mediates cellular responses to certain bacterial pathogens. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 6 UI - D051216 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.600 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with TLR2 RECEPTOR. The complex interacts with a variety of ligands including LIPOPROTEINS from MYCOPLASMA. HN - 2006(1999) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 7 UI - D051199 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.700 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that binds several forms of imidazo-quinoline including the antiviral compound Imiquimod. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 8 UI - D051200 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.800 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that recognizes GUANOSINE and URIDINE-rich SINGLE-STRANDED RNA. HN - 2006(2005) MH - Toll-Like Receptor 9 UI - D051217 MN - D12.776.260.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.900 MS - A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA. HN - 2006(2001) MH - Toll-Like Receptors UI - D051193 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.910.500 MS - A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1998) BX - Receptors, Toll-Like MH - Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase UI - D050564 MN - D8.244.453.957 MN - D8.811.682.690.708.826 MS - A member of the P450 superfamily, this enzyme catalyzes the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher PLANTS by transforming trans-cinnamate into p-coumarate. HN - 2006(1980); use CINNAMATES 1974-1979 MH - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation UI - D050781 MN - E1.370.376.850 MS - A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage. HN - 2006 FX - Magnetoencephalography MH - Transcription Factor AP-2 UI - D050656 MN - D12.776.260.760 MN - D12.776.930.907 MS - A family of DNA binding proteins that regulate expression of a variety of GENES during CELL DIFFERENTIATION and PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH. Family members contain a highly conserved carboxy-terminal basic HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF involved in dimerization and sequence-specific DNA binding. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1987) BX - AP-2 Enhancer Binding Protein MH - Transcription Factor Brn-3 UI - D050818 MN - D12.776.260.655.625 MN - D12.776.930.632.625 MS - A family of mammalian POU domain factors that are expressed predominately in NEURONS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1992) BX - Brn-3 Transcription Factor MH - Transcription Factor Brn-3A UI - D050819 MN - D12.776.260.655.625.124 MN - D12.776.930.632.625.500 MS - A POU domain factor that activates TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, SYAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25, and BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Brn-3A Transcription Factor BX - Pou4f1 Transcription Factor MH - Transcription Factor Brn-3B UI - D050820 MN - D12.776.260.655.625.249 MN - D12.776.930.632.625.750 MS - A POU domain factor that represses TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, and SYAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Brn-3B Transcription Factor BX - Pou4f2 Transcription Factor MH - Transcription Factor Brn-3C UI - D050821 MN - D12.776.260.655.625.500 MN - D12.776.930.632.625.875 MS - A POU domain factor that activates neuronal cell TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, and SYAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25. Mutations in the Brn-3c gene have been associated with DEAFNESS. HN - 2006 BX - Brn-3c Transcription Factor BX - Pou4f3 Transcription Factor MH - Transcription Factor CHOP UI - D051742 MN - D12.776.260.108.124.875 MN - D12.776.660.167.875 MN - D12.776.930.127.124.875 MS - A CCAAT-enhancer binding protein that is induced by DNA DAMAGE and growth arrest. It serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of other CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Transcription Factor DP1 UI - D050680 MN - D12.776.930.908 MS - A transcription factor that possesses DNA-binding and E2F-binding domains but lacks a transcriptional activation domain. It is a binding partner for E2F TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and enhances the DNA binding and transactivation function of the DP-E2F complex. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1997) MH - Transcription Factor Pit-1 UI - D050817 MN - D12.776.260.655.750 MN - D12.776.930.632.750 MS - A POU domain factor that regulates expression of GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; and THYROTROPIN-BETA in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND. HN - 2006(1989) BX - Transcription Factor Pit-2 MH - Transcription Factor RelA UI - D051996 MN - D12.776.260.600.249 MN - D12.776.660.600.249 MN - D12.776.930.600.249 MS - A subunit of NF-kappa B that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. It contains a C-terminal transactivation domain and an N-terminal domain with homology to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-REL. HN - 2006(1993) BX - NF-kappa B p65 Subunit MH - Transcription Factor RelB UI - D051841 MN - D12.776.260.600.500 MN - D12.776.660.600.500 MN - D12.776.930.600.500 MS - A transcription factor that takes part in the NF-kappa-B complex by interacting with NF-KAPPA B P50 SUBUNIT or NF-KAPPA B P52 SUBUNIT. It regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION that is involved in immune and inflammatory responses. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Transcription Factor TFIIH UI - D051758 MN - D12.776.260.775.875.875 MN - D12.776.930.930.875.875 MS - A general transcription factor that is involved in basal TRANSCRIPTION and NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR. It consists of nine subunits including ATP-dependent DNA HELICASE; CYCLIN H; and XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM GROUP D PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1992) BX - TFIIH Transcription Factor MH - Transient Receptor Potential Channels UI - D050051 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.901 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.901 MS - A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or PHOSPHOLIPASE C. AN - note entry terms: TRP refers to transient receptor potential not TRYPTOPHAN HN - 2006 MH - Trapezium Bone UI - D051222 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.150.800 MS - A carpal bone adjacent to the TRAPEZOID BONE. HN - 2006 MH - Trapezoid Bone UI - D051223 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.150.805 MS - A carpal bone which is located between the TRAPEZIUM BONE and the CAPITATE BONE. HN - 2006 MH - Triangular Fibrocartilage UI - D051478 MN - A2.165.308.800 MN - A2.835.583.405.930.800 MN - A10.165.382.350.800 MS - Fibrocartilage that makes up the triangular fibrocartilage complex which is found in the WRIST JOINT. HN - 2006 MH - Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias UI - D051303 MN - C10.228.140.546.399.937 MS - Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN. HN - 2006 MH - Trimethyl Ammonium Compounds UI - D050337 MN - D2.92.877.883 MS - QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS containing three methyl groups, having the general formula of (CH3)3N+R. HN - 2006 MH - Triquetrum Bone UI - D051221 MN - A2.835.232.87.319.150.831 MS - A carpal bone which is located between the LUNATE BONE and HAMATE BONE. HN - 2006 MH - Tristetraprolin UI - D051816 MN - D12.776.260.790 MN - D12.776.460.762 MN - D12.776.930.960 MS - A ZINC FINGER MOTIF containing transcription factor that was originally identified as one of the IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS. It shuttles between the CYTOPLASM and the CELL NUCLEUS and is involved in destabilization of mRNAs for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Tritonia Sea Slug UI - D049871 MN - B1.500.644.400.800 MS - A genus of large marine sea slugs in the family Tritoniidae found in the northern Pacific Ocean. They are used in neurological research. HN - 2006 MH - Tropomodulin UI - D051348 MN - D5.750.78.730.32.750 MN - D12.776.210.500.847 MN - D12.776.220.525.32.750 MS - An actin capping protein that binds to the pointed-end of ACTIN. It functions in the presence of TROPOMYOSIN to inhibit microfilament elongation. HN - 2006(1992) MH - TRPC Cation Channels UI - D050052 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.901.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.901.500 MS - A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN repeats and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10. HN - 2006(1996) MH - TRPM Cation Channels UI - D050053 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.901.555 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.901.555 MS - A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes. HN - 2006 MH - TRPP Cation Channels UI - D050396 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.150.900 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.901.777 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.150.900 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.901.777 MS - A subgroup of TRP cation channels that are widely expressed in various cell types. Defects are associated with POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. AN - do not confuse with polycysteine[nm] HN - 2006 MH - TRPV Cation Channels UI - D050916 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.901.888 MS - A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold. HN - 2006(1991) MH - Tryptophan Transaminase UI - D051279 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.850 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from L-TRYPTOPHAN to 2-OXOGLUTARATE in order to generate indolepyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE. HN - 2006(1980); use TRANSAMINASES & TRYPTOPHAN 1975-1979 MH - Tubulin Modulators UI - D050257 MN - D27.505.519.593.249.500 MS - Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization. HN - 2006 MH - Twist Transcription Factor UI - D051879 MN - D12.776.260.103.875 MN - D12.776.930.125.875 MS - A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that was originally identified in DROSOPHILA as essential for proper gastrulation and MESODERM formation. It plays an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and CELL DIFFERENTIATION of MUSCLE CELLS, and is found in a wide variety of organisms. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Unio UI - D049881 MN - B1.500.644.80.850.850 MS - A genus of freshwater mussels in the family UNIONIDA, class BIVALVIA. HN - 2006 MH - Unionidae UI - D049876 MN - B1.500.644.80.850 MS - A family of freshwater mussels in the class BIVALVIA. They differ from ZEBRA MUSSELS in that they are larger and posses a larval stage called glochidia, which requires attachment to the GILLS or fins of particular species of FISHES. AN - as animal & food; general or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coordinate IM with SHELLFISH (IM) HN - 2006 BX - Mussels, Native MH - Upstream Stimulatory Factors UI - D051720 MN - D12.776.260.103.937 MN - D12.776.930.125.937 MS - Ubiquitously expressed basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF transcription factors. They bind CANNTG sequences in the PROMOTERS of a variety of GENES involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. HN - 2006(1988) MH - Uracil-DNA Glycosidase UI - D051981 MN - D8.811.74.249.875 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of the N-glycosidic bond between sugar phosphate backbone and URACIL residue during DNA synthesis. HN - 2006(1980) use DNA 1976-1979 & DEOXYURACIL NUCLEOTIDES 1978-1979 MH - Urofollitropin UI - D050477 MN - D6.472.351.576.583.500 MN - D6.472.699.631.525.343.583.500 MN - D6.472.734.525.343.583.500 MN - D12.644.548.691.525.343.583.500 MS - A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or completely removed. Urofollitropin represents FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE from the urine. In highly purified preparations, LH and other urinary proteins are removed. HN - 2006; use MENOTROPINS 1998-2005 BX - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Human Urine MH - Usher Syndromes UI - D052245 MN - C9.218.458.341.887.886 MN - C10.597.751.418.341.887.886 MN - C11.270.684.500 MN - C11.768.585.731.813 MN - C16.320.290.684.500 MN - C23.888.592.763.393.341.887.886 MS - Autosomal recessive hereditary disorders characterized by congenital SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Genetically and symptomatically heterogeneous, clinical classes include type I, type II, and type III. Their severity, age of onset of retinitis pigmentosa and the degree of vestibular dysfunction are variable. HN - 2006 MH - Vaginismus UI - D052065 MN - C13.371.665.656 MN - C13.371.894.870 MN - F3.800.800.900 MS - Recurrent or persistent involuntary SPASM of the outer muscles of the VAGINA, occurring during vaginal penetration. HN - 2006; use SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS, PSYCHOLOGICAL 1998-2005 MH - Valine Dehydrogenase (NADP+) UI - D050802 MN - D8.811.682.664.500.924 MS - An amino acid oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of L-VALINE to 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and AMMONIA in the presence of NADP. HN - 2006(1989) MH - VDJ Exons UI - D050441 MN - G14.340.24.340.137.232.920 MS - Exons that are created in vivo during LYMPHOCYTE maturation from the V, D, and J gene segments of immunoglobulin superfamily genes (e.g., the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES, or the T-CELL RECEPTOR BETA GENES or T-CELL RECEPTOR GAMMA GENES ) by the VDJ RECOMBINASE system. HN - 2006 BX - VDJ Exon FX - Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain FX - Genes, T-Cell Receptor FX - VDJ Recombinases MH - Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1 UI - D050987 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.750.500 MS - A member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein family involved in the MEMBRANE FUSION of TRANSPORT VESICLES to their target membrane. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006 (1988) MH - Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2 UI - D050988 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.750.750 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.750.750 MS - A synaptic membrane protein involved in MEMBRANE FUSION of SYNAPTIC VESICLES with the presynaptic membranes. It is the prototype member of the R-SNARE proteins. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006 (1988) MH - Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 3 UI - D051040 MN - D12.776.543.512.249.750.875 MN - D12.776.543.990.775.750.875 MS - A member of the vesicle associated membrane protein family. It has a broad tissue distribution and is involved in MEMBRANE FUSION events of the endocytic pathways. HN - 2006 (1993) BX - Cellubrevin MH - Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins UI - D050494 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.500.249 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.500.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.500.249 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.500.249 MS - Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1992) BX - Acetylcholine Transporters, Vesicular BX - Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Proteins MH - Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins UI - D050492 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.500 MS - Integral membrane proteins of the LIPID BILAYER of SECRETORY VESICLES that catalyze transport and storage of biogenic amine NEUROTRANSMITTERS such as ACETYLCHOLINE; SEROTONIN; MELATONIN; HISTAMINE; and CATECHOLAMINES. The transporters exchange vesicular protons for cytoplasmic neurotransmitters. HN - 2006(1992) BX - Biogenic Amine Transporters, Vesicular BX - Vesicular Amine Transporter Proteins MH - Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1 UI - D050598 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.625.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.625.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.625.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.625.500 MS - A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in TELENCEPHALON of the BRAIN. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2001) BX - Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 MH - Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2 UI - D050599 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.625.750 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.625.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.625.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.625.750 MS - A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(2001) BX - Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 MH - Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins UI - D050496 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.625 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.625 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.625 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.625 MS - A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS. HN - 2006 BX - Glutamate Transporters, Vesicular BX - Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Proteins MH - Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins UI - D050495 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.750 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.750 MS - A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that sequester the inhibitory neurotransmitters GLYCINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; and possibly GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE into SECRETORY VESICLES. HN - 2006 BX - Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter Proteins MH - Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins UI - D050493 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.500.500 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750.500.500 MS - A family of vesicular amine transporter proteins that catalyze the transport and storage of CATECHOLAMINES and indolamines into SECRETORY VESICLES. AN - see SCR for organism-specific terms HN - 2006(1992) BX - Monoamine Transporters, Vesicular BX - Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Proteins MH - Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins UI - D050481 MN - D12.776.157.530.450.162.887 MN - D12.776.157.530.562.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.450.162.887 MN - D12.776.543.585.562.750 MS - A family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that are INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS of the LIPID BILAYER of SECRETORY VESICLES. They are ANTIPORTERS that exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic NEUROTRANSMITTER and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmission. AN - do not confuse with VESICULAR TRANSPORT PROTEINS HN - 2006 BX - Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins, Vesicular BX - Neurotransmitter Transporters, Vesicular BX - Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transporter Proteins MH - Vetiveria UI - D049930 MN - B6.388.100.822.942 MS - A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The RHIZOME contains SESQUITERPENES and is the source of vetiver oil used in PERFUME. AN - coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2006 MH - Viviparity, Nonmammalian UI - D052286 MN - G8.520.980 MS - The capability of bearing live young (rather than eggs) in nonmammalian species. Some species of REPTILES and FISHES exhibit this. HN - 2006 FX - Litter Size MH - Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 UI - D050995 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.520.500 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.520.500 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.520.500 MS - Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is the major pore-forming protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. It also functions as a ferricyanide reductase in the PLASMA MEMBRANE. HN - 2006(1985) MH - Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 2 UI - D050996 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.520.750 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.520.750 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.520.750 MS - Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 is a low abundance mammalian isoform of VDAC that interacts with the inactive form of BAK PROTEIN. HN - 2006(1985) MH - Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels UI - D050994 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.500.520 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.730.520 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.730.520 MS - A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2006(1985) MH - Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein UI - D051794 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.875 MN - D12.776.624.776.865 MS - A ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates OXYGEN-dependent polyubiquitination of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT. It is inactivated in VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME. HN - 2006(1995) MH - Wandering Spleen UI - D050805 MN - C15.604.744.954 MS - A congenital or acquired condition in which the SPLEEN is not in its normal anatomical position but moves about in the ABDOMEN. This is due to laxity or absence of suspensory ligaments which normally provide peritoneal attachments to keep the SPLEEN in a fixed position. Clinical symptoms include ABDOMINAL PAIN, splenic TORSION and ISCHEMIA. HN - 2006 MH - Warm Ischemia UI - D052096 MN - E4.936.932 MS - A tissue or organ remaining at physiological temperature during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. During ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION it begins when the organ reaches physiological temperature before the completion of SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS and ends with reestablishment of the BLOOD CIRCULATION through the tissue. HN - 2006 FX - Cold Ischemia FX - Ischemia MH - Wautersia UI - D049921 MN - B3.440.400.425.687.900 MN - B3.660.75.645.900 MS - A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, in the family RALSTONIACEAE, that are mobile by means of peritrichous FLAGELLA. Species in this genus were formerly in the genus RALSTONIA. HN - 2006 MH - Whale, Killer UI - D050685 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.267.900 MS - The species Orcinus orca, in the family Delphinidae, characterized by its black and white coloration, and huge triangular dorsal fin. It is the largest member of the DOLPHINS and derives its name from the fact that it is a fearsome predator. HN - 2006; use DOLPHINS 1998-2005 BX - Killer Whale MH - Whales, Pilot UI - D050686 MN - B1.150.900.649.189.267.920 MS - The genus Globicephala, in the family Delphinidae, consisting of two species of DOLPHINS. They are mostly black with a stocky shape and bulbous foreheads. HN - 2006; use DOLPHINS 1998-2005 BX - Globicephala BX - Pilot Whales MH - White Heifer Disease UI - D050072 MN - C22.196.963 MS - A congenital reproductive abnormality in white female offspring (heifers) in certain breeds of CATTLE, such as Belgian Blue and Shorthorn. The white color is inherited as a recessive trait which is associated with defects in the female reproductive tract (Muellerian system). These heifers are usually sterile. AN - check tags CATTLE, FEMALE and ANIMAL HN - 2006; use FREEMARTINISM 1975-2005 MH - Whole Body Imaging UI - D051598 MN - E1.370.350.925 MN - E5.979 MS - The creation of a visual display of the inside of the entire body of a human or animal for the purposes of diagnostic evaluation. This is most commonly achieved by using MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; or POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY. HN - 2006 BX - Whole Body Scanning MH - Winged-Helix Transcription Factors UI - D051540 MN - D12.776.260.950 MN - D12.776.930.977 MS - A subfamily of HELIX-TURN-HELIX DNA-binding proteins that contain a variable length loop adjacent to the HTH motif. The loop connects two anti-parallel strands and forms a wing when bound to DNA. HN - 2006 MH - Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein UI - D051316 MN - D5.750.78.730.912.500 MN - D12.776.220.525.912.500 MS - WASP protein is mutated in WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME and is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. It is the founding member of the WASP protein family and interacts with CDC42 PROTEIN to help regulate ACTIN polymerization. AN - WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN FAMILY and WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN, NEURONAL are also available HN - 2006(1994) BX - WASP Protein MH - Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family UI - D051300 MN - D5.750.78.730.912 MN - D12.776.220.525.912 MS - A family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. They are involved in ACTIN polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to PROFILIN, and a verprolin homology domain that binds G-ACTIN. AN - WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN and WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN, NEURONAL are also available HN - 2006(1999) BX - WAS Protein Family BX - WASP-Family Verprolin Homologous Proteins BX - WAVE Proteins MH - Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal UI - D051317 MN - D5.750.78.730.912.550 MN - D12.776.220.525.912.550 MS - A member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family that is found at high levels in NERVE CELLS. It interacts with GRB2 ADAPTOR PROTEIN and with CDC42 PROTEIN. AN - WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN FAMILY and WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN are also available HN - 2006(1996) BX - N-WASP Protein BX - Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein MH - Wnt Proteins UI - D051153 MN - D12.644.276.996 MN - D12.776.467.984 MN - D23.348.479.996 MS - Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN. HN - 2006(1987) MH - Wnt1 Protein UI - D051155 MN - D12.644.276.996.500 MN - D12.776.467.984.500 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.967 MN - D23.348.479.996.500 MS - A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is expressed in the caudal MIDBRAIN and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region. HN - 2006(1987) BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein Int-1 BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein Wnt-1 BX - Wnt1 Proto-Oncogene Protein MH - Wnt2 Protein UI - D051154 MN - D12.644.276.996.750 MN - D12.776.467.984.750 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.978 MN - D23.348.479.996.750 MS - A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is frequently up-regulated in human GASTRIC CANCER and is a TUMOR MARKER of gastric and COLORECTAL CANCER. HN - 2006(2004) BX - Proto-Oncogene Protein Wnt-2 BX - Wnt-2 Proto-oncogene Protein MH - X Chromosome Inactivation UI - D049951 MN - G5.315.125.970 MS - A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one X CHROMOSOME of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females. HN - 2006; use DOSAGE COMPENSATION, GENETIC 1982-2005 BX - X Inactivation MH - X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein UI - D051636 MN - D12.644.360.75.437.750 MN - D12.776.476.75.437.750 MS - An inhibitor of apoptosis protein that is translated by a rare cap-independent mechanism. It blocks caspase-mediated cellular destruction by inhibiting CASPASE 3; CASPASE 7; and CASPASE 9. HN - 2006(1996) MH - Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein UI - D051760 MN - D12.776.260.975 MS - A ZINC FINGER MOTIF protein that recognizes and interacts with damaged DNA. It is a DNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR. Mutations in this protein are associated with the most severe form of XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM. HN - 2006(1990) MH - Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein UI - D051759 MN - D8.811.399.340.500 MN - D12.776.260.775.875.875.500 MN - D12.776.930.930.875.875.500 MS - A DNA helicase that is a component of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIIH. It plays an essential role in NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR, and mutations in this protein are associated with XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM. HN - 2006(1992) MH - Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 UI - D051840 MN - D12.776.260.108.124.937 MN - D12.776.660.167.937 MN - D12.776.930.127.124.937 MS - Y-box-binding protein 1 was originally identified as a DNA-binding protein that interacts with Y-box PROMOTER REGIONS of MHC CLASS II GENES. It is a highly conserved transcription factor that regulates expression of a wide variety of GENES. HN - 2006(1984) MH - YY1 Transcription Factor UI - D050986 MN - D12.776.260.235.875 MN - D12.776.930.316.875 MS - A ubiquitously expressed zinc finger-containing protein that acts both as a repressor and activator of transcription. It interacts with key regulatory proteins such as TATA-BINDING PROTEIN; TFIIB; and ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS. HN - 2006(1980) MH - ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase UI - D051746 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.725.900 MS - A protein tyrosine kinase that is required for T-CELL development and T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR function. HN - 2006(1992)